The Qing Opening to the Ocean

The Chinese private maritime trade and global integration -- Reconsidering overseas trade : the Chinese intellectual response to the emerging global economy -- The northeast Asian trade network, the Manchu, pro-commerce tradition, and the 1684 open-door trade policy -- Enriching the state by cherishing private trade : the Kangxi emperor and the 1684 open trade policy -- Separating trade from tribute : Kangxi ends the tribute trade system -- The establishment of the Qing maritime customs system and the growth of private trade -- Economic interest, security concern, and the tribute system : Kangxi's response to Tokugawa Japan's license system -- The Kangxi emperor bans trade with Southeast Asia -- Western merchants, local interests, and Christian penetration : a new interpretation of the Canton system