C++之旅（第3版）
豆瓣
A Tour of C++, Third Edition
（美）Bjarne Stroustrup（本贾尼 斯特劳斯特鲁普） 译者: Pansz
简介
《C++之旅（第3版）》一共19章，以C++20为标准，讲述了最新的现代C++所提供的编程特性。
有其他语言编程经验的读者可以从本书中快速了解C++所具备的功能，从而获得对现代C++的更全面认知，以便更好地了解现代C++语言已经发展到的程度。资深程序员可以从本书作者的整体行文风格中感受到他在设计C++特性时的一些考量及侧重点，了解C++这门语言在历史上曾经历过的变迁，以及一部分特性为什么会是今天这个样子。
所以，本书适合的读者：有其他语言编程经验，想要了解C++语言的读者；有传统C++编程经验，想要了解现代C++语言特性的读者；有较丰富编程经验且想了解C++之父在C++设计过程中的一些设计细节与思路的读者。
contents
第 1 章 基础............................................................................................................................1
1.1 引言 ...............................................................................................................................1
1.2 程序 ...............................................................................................................................2
1.2.1 Hello, World!................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 函数 ...............................................................................................................................4
1.4 类型、变量与运算........................................................................................................6
1.4.1 算术运算 ....................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.2 初始化........................................................................................................................... 9
1.5 作用域和生命周期...................................................................................................... 10
1.6 常量 ............................................................................................................................. 11
1.7 指针、数组和引用...................................................................................................... 13
1.7.1 空指针..........................................................................................................................15
1.8 检验 ............................................................................................................................. 16
1.9 映射到硬件 ................................................................................................................. 19
1.9.1 赋值..............................................................................................................................19
1.9.2 初始化..........................................................................................................................20
1.10 建议 ........................................................................................................................... 21
第 2 章 用户自定义类型........................................................................................................23
2.1 引言 ............................................................................................................................. 23
2.2 结构 ............................................................................................................................. 24
2.3 类 ................................................................................................................................. 25
2.4 枚举 ............................................................................................................................. 27
2.5 联合 ............................................................................................................................. 29
2.6 建议 ............................................................................................................................. 31
第 3 章 模块化 ......................................................................................................................32
3.1 引言 ............................................................................................................................. 32
3.2 分离编译 ..................................................................................................................... 33
3.2.1 头文件..........................................................................................................................34
3.2.2 模块..............................................................................................................................36
3.3 命名空间 ..................................................................................................................... 39
3.4 函数参数与返回值...................................................................................................... 41
3.4.1 参数传递 ......................................................................................................................42
3.4.2 返回值..........................................................................................................................43
3.4.3 返回类型推导 ..............................................................................................................45
3.4.4 返回类型后置 ..............................................................................................................45
3.4.5 结构化绑定 ..................................................................................................................46
3.5 建议 ............................................................................................................................. 47
第 4 章 错误处理...................................................................................................................48
4.1 引言 ............................................................................................................................. 48
4.2 异常 ............................................................................................................................. 49
4.3 约束条件 ..................................................................................................................... 50
4.4 错误处理的其他替代方式.......................................................................................... 52
4.5 断言 ............................................................................................................................. 54
4.5.1 assert() ..........................................................................................................................55
4.5.2 static_assert...................................................................................................................56
4.5.3 noexcept........................................................................................................................56
4.6 建议 ............................................................................................................................. 57
第 5 章 类..............................................................................................................................58
5.1 引言 ............................................................................................................................. 58
5.1.1 类的概述 ......................................................................................................................59
5.2 具体类型 ..................................................................................................................... 59
5.2.1 一种算术类型 ..............................................................................................................60
5.2.2 容器..............................................................................................................................62
5.2.3 容器的初始化 ..............................................................................................................64
5.3 抽象类型 ..................................................................................................................... 66
5.4 虚函数 ......................................................................................................................... 69
5.5 类层次结构 ................................................................................................................. 70
5.5.1 类层次结构的益处 ......................................................................................................72
5.5.2 类层次结构导航 ..........................................................................................................74
5.5.3 避免资源泄漏 ..............................................................................................................75
5.6 建议 ............................................................................................................................. 76
第 6 章 基本操作...................................................................................................................78
6.1 引言 ............................................................................................................................. 78
6.1.1 基本操作 ......................................................................................................................79
6.1.2 转换..............................................................................................................................81
6.1.3 成员初始值设定项 ......................................................................................................81
6.2 拷贝和移动 ................................................................................................................. 82
6.2.1 拷贝容器 ......................................................................................................................82
6.2.2 移动容器 ......................................................................................................................84
6.3 资源管理 ..................................................................................................................... 87
6.4 操作符重载 ................................................................................................................. 88
6.5 常规操作 ..................................................................................................................... 89
6.5.1 比较（关系操作符） ..................................................................................................90
6.5.2 容器操作 ......................................................................................................................92
6.5.3 迭代器及智能指针 ......................................................................................................92
6.5.4 输入与输出操作 ..........................................................................................................93
6.5.5 swap() ...........................................................................................................................93
6.5.6 hash<> ..........................................................................................................................93
6.6 用户自定义字面量...................................................................................................... 93
6.7 建议 ............................................................................................................................. 94
第 7 章 模板..........................................................................................................................96
7.1 引言 ............................................................................................................................. 96
7.2 参数化类型 ................................................................................................................. 97
7.2.1 受限模板参数 ..............................................................................................................99
7.2.2 模板值参数 ................................................................................................................100
7.2.3 模板参数推导 ............................................................................................................100
7.3 参数化操作 ............................................................................................................... 102
7.3.1 模板函数 ....................................................................................................................103
7.3.2 函数对象 ....................................................................................................................103
7.3.3 匿名函数表达式 ........................................................................................................105
7.4 模板机制 ................................................................................................................... 109
7.4.1 模板变量 ....................................................................................................................109
7.4.2 别名............................................................................................................................110
7.4.3 编译时 if.....................................................................................................................111
7.5 建议 ........................................................................................................................... 113
第 8 章 概念和泛型编程......................................................................................................114
8.1 引言 ........................................................................................................................... 114
8.2 概念 ........................................................................................................................... 115
8.2.1 概念的运用 ................................................................................................................116
8.2.2 基于概念的重载 ........................................................................................................117
8.2.3 有效代码 ....................................................................................................................118
8.2.4 定义概念 ....................................................................................................................119
8.2.5 概念与 auto ................................................................................................................122
8.2.6 类型与概念 ................................................................................................................124
8.3 泛型编程 ................................................................................................................... 124
8.3.1 概念的使用 ................................................................................................................124
8.3.2 使用模板实现抽象 ....................................................................................................125
8.4 可变参数模板 ........................................................................................................... 127
8.4.1 折叠表达式 ................................................................................................................128
8.4.2 完美转发参数 ............................................................................................................129
8.5 模板编译模型 ........................................................................................................... 130
8.6 建议 ........................................................................................................................... 131
第 9 章 标准库 ....................................................................................................................132
9.1 引言 ........................................................................................................................... 132
9.2 标准库组件 ............................................................................................................... 133
9.3 标准库的组织 ........................................................................................................... 134
9.3.1 命名空间 ....................................................................................................................134
9.3.2 ranges 命名空间.........................................................................................................135
9.3.3 模块............................................................................................................................136
9.3.4 头文件........................................................................................................................136
9.4 建议 ........................................................................................................................... 138
第 10 章 字符串和正则表达式.............................................................................................139
10.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 139
10.2 字符串 ..................................................................................................................... 139
10.2.1 string 的实现 ............................................................................................................142
10.3 字符串视图 ............................................................................................................. 142
10.4 正则表达式 ............................................................................................................. 144
10.4.1 搜索..........................................................................................................................145
10.4.2 正则表达式的符号表示...........................................................................................146
10.4.3 迭代器......................................................................................................................151
10.5 建议 ......................................................................................................................... 151
第 11 章 输入和输出 ...........................................................................................................153
11.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 153
11.2 输出 ......................................................................................................................... 154
11.3 输入 ......................................................................................................................... 156
11.4 I/O 状态 ................................................................................................................... 157
11.5 用户自定义类型的 I/O ........................................................................................... 158
11.6 输出格式化 ............................................................................................................. 159
11.6.1 流式格式化 ..............................................................................................................160
11.6.2 printf()风格的格式化...............................................................................................161
11.7 流 ............................................................................................................................. 164
11.7.1 标准流......................................................................................................................164
11.7.2 文件流......................................................................................................................165
11.7.3 字符串流 ..................................................................................................................165
11.7.4 内存流......................................................................................................................166
11.7.5 同步流......................................................................................................................167
11.8 C 风格的 I/O............................................................................................................ 168
11.9 文件系统 ................................................................................................................. 168
11.9.1 路径..........................................................................................................................168
11.9.2 文件和目录 ..............................................................................................................171
11.10 建议 ....................................................................................................................... 172
第 12 章 容器......................................................................................................................174
12.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 174
12.2 vector ....................................................................................................................... 175
12.2.1 元素..........................................................................................................................178
12.2.2 范围检查 ..................................................................................................................178
12.3 list ............................................................................................................................ 180
12.4 forward_list.............................................................................................................. 181
12.5 map .......................................................................................................................... 182
12.6 unordered_map ........................................................................................................ 183
12.7 分配器 ..................................................................................................................... 184
12.8 容器概述 ................................................................................................................. 186
12.9 建议 ......................................................................................................................... 188
第 13 章 算法......................................................................................................................190
13.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 190
13.2 使用迭代器 ............................................................................................................. 192
13.3 迭代器类型 ............................................................................................................. 195
13.3.1 流迭代器 ..................................................................................................................196
13.4 使用谓词 ................................................................................................................. 199
13.5 标准库算法概览 ..................................................................................................... 199
13.6 并行算法 ................................................................................................................. 201
13.7 建议 ......................................................................................................................... 202
第 14 章 范围......................................................................................................................203
14.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 203
14.2 视图 ......................................................................................................................... 204
14.3 生成器 ..................................................................................................................... 206
14.4 管道 ......................................................................................................................... 207
14.5 概念概述 ................................................................................................................. 208
14.5.1 类型概念 ..................................................................................................................209
14.5.2 迭代器概念 ..............................................................................................................211
14.5.3 范围概念 ..................................................................................................................212
14.6 建议 ......................................................................................................................... 213
第 15 章 指针和容器 ...........................................................................................................214
15.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 214
15.2 指针类型 ................................................................................................................. 215
15.2.1 unique_ptr 及 shared_ptr...........................................................................................216
15.2.2 span...........................................................................................................................219
15.3 容器 ......................................................................................................................... 221
15.3.1 array..........................................................................................................................222
15.3.2 bitset .........................................................................................................................224
15.3.3 pair............................................................................................................................225
15.3.4 tuple ..........................................................................................................................227
15.4 可变类型容器 ......................................................................................................... 229
15.4.1 variant.......................................................................................................................229
15.4.2 optional.....................................................................................................................231
15.4.3 any ............................................................................................................................232
15.5 建议 ......................................................................................................................... 233
第 16 章 实用工具...............................................................................................................234
16.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 234
16.2 时间 ......................................................................................................................... 235
16.2.1 时钟..........................................................................................................................235
16.2.2 日历..........................................................................................................................236
16.2.3 时区..........................................................................................................................237
16.3 函数适配 ................................................................................................................. 237
16.3.1 匿名函数作为适配器 ..............................................................................................238
16.3.2 mem_fn() ..................................................................................................................238
16.3.3 function.....................................................................................................................238
16.4 类型函数 ................................................................................................................. 239
16.4.1 类型谓词 ..................................................................................................................240
16.4.2 条件属性 ..................................................................................................................242
16.4.3 类型生成器 ..............................................................................................................242
16.4.4 关联类型 ..................................................................................................................243
16.5 source_location ........................................................................................................ 244
16.6 move()和 forward().................................................................................................. 244
16.7 位操作 ..................................................................................................................... 246
16.8 退出程序 ................................................................................................................. 247
16.9 建议 ......................................................................................................................... 248
第 17 章 数值计算...............................................................................................................249
17.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 249
17.2 数学函数 ................................................................................................................. 250
17.3 数值计算算法 ......................................................................................................... 251
17.3.1 并行数值算法 ..........................................................................................................251
17.4 复数 ......................................................................................................................... 252
17.5 随机数 ..................................................................................................................... 253
17.6 向量算术 ................................................................................................................. 255
17.7 数值界限 ................................................................................................................. 256
17.8 类型别名 ................................................................................................................. 256
17.9 数学常数 ................................................................................................................. 256
17.10 建议 ....................................................................................................................... 257
第 18 章 并发......................................................................................................................259
18.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 259
18.2 任务和 thread .......................................................................................................... 260
18.2.1 传递参数 ..................................................................................................................262
18.2.2 返回结果 ..................................................................................................................262
18.3 共享数据 ................................................................................................................. 263
18.3.1 mutex 和锁 ...............................................................................................................263
18.3.2 原子量......................................................................................................................265
18.4 等待事件 ................................................................................................................. 266
18.5 任务间通信 ............................................................................................................. 268
18.5.1 future 和 promise ......................................................................................................268
18.5.2 packaged_task...........................................................................................................269
18.5.3 async() ......................................................................................................................270
18.5.4 停止 thread ...............................................................................................................271
18.6 协程 ......................................................................................................................... 273
18.6.1 协作式多任务 ..........................................................................................................274
18.7 建议 ......................................................................................................................... 277
第 19 章 历史和兼容性........................................................................................................279
19.1 历史 ......................................................................................................................... 279
19.1.1 大事年表 ..................................................................................................................280
19.1.2 早期的 C++ ..............................................................................................................281
19.1.3 ISO C++标准............................................................................................................284
19.1.4 标准与编程风格 ......................................................................................................286
19.1.5 C++的使用...............................................................................................................287
19.1.6 C++模型...................................................................................................................287
19.2 C++特性演化 .......................................................................................................... 288
19.2.1 C++11 语言特性 ......................................................................................................288
19.2.2 C++14 语言特性 ......................................................................................................289
19.2.3 C++17 语言特性 ......................................................................................................290
19.2.4 C++20 语言特性 ......................................................................................................290
19.2.5 C++11 标准库组件 ..................................................................................................291
19.2.6 C++14 标准库组件 ..................................................................................................292
19.2.7 C++17 标准库组件 ..................................................................................................292
19.2.8 C++20 标准库组件 ..................................................................................................292
19.2.9 移除或弃用的特性 ..................................................................................................293
19.3 C/C++兼容性 .......................................................................................................... 294
19.3.1 C 与 C++是兄弟.......................................................................................................294
19.3.2 兼容性问题 ..............................................................................................................295
19.4 参考文献 ................................................................................................................. 298
19.5 建议 ......................................................................................................................... 301
附录 A std 模块...................................................................................................................303
