No judgement of taste is innocent. In a word, we are all snobs. Pierre Bourdieu brilliantly illuminates this situation of the middle class in the modern world. France's leading sociologist focusses here on the French bourgeoisie, its tastes and preferences. Distinction is at once a vast ethnography of contemporary France and a dissection of the bourgeois mind. In the course of everyday life people constantly choose between what they find aesthetically pleasing and what they consider tacky, merely trendy, or ugly. Bourdicu bases his study on surveys that took into account the multitude of social factors that play a part in a Frenchperson's choice of clothing, furniture, leisure activities, dinner menus for guests, and many other matters of taste. What emerges from his analysis is that social snobbery is everywhere in the bourgeois world. The different aesthetic choices people make are all distinctions-that is, choices made in opposition to those made by other classes. Taste is not pure. Bourdieu finds a world of social meaning in the decision to order bouillabaisse, in our contemporary cult of thinness, in the "California sports" such as jogging and cross-country skiing. The social world, he argues, functions simultaneously as a system of power relations and as a symbolic system in which minute distinctions of taste become the basis for social judgement. The topic of Bourdieu's book is a fascinating one: the strategies of social pretension are always curiously engaging. But the book is more than fascinating. It is a major contribution to current debates on the theory of culture and a challenge to the major theoretical schools in contemporary sociology.

这是萨伊德继《东方学》之后最重要同时也是最复杂的著作，有人用拉什迪的小说来做比喻，说假如《东方学》是萨伊德的《午夜的孩子》，那么《文化与帝国主义》就是他的《撒旦的诗篇》。与《东方学》基本上不处理文学文本形成鲜明对比的是，《文化与帝国主义》的问题意识建立在这样一个更深入的追问上的：“小说写作和抒情诗……是怎样参与东方主义中的普遍存在的帝国主义世界观的构造的？”由此生发的对“小说与帝国”关系的讨论，不仅像伊恩·马丁在《小说的兴起》那样把现代小说的兴起和现代资本主义相联系，重构了“现代欧洲小说诞生”的帝国主义扩张的语境，而且极富争议地把他对西方文化与帝国主义共谋关系的分析扩展到小说的形式和风格层面，认为欧洲小说在其发生学的意义上汇集了两种的质素：一方面是构成小说的权威的叙述样式，另一方面则是倾向于帝国主义的复杂的思想构造。也许我们未必完全接受萨伊德的观点，但他据此观点对简·奥斯丁、狄更斯、康拉德、叶芝和加缪等一系列经典作品的读解和分析，却不能不让人叹为观止。