In 1931 distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes published a short essay, "Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren," in his collection Essays in Persuasion. In the essay, he expressed optimism for the economic future despite the doldrums of the post-World War I years and the onset of the Great Depression. Keynes imagined that by 2030 the standard of living would be dramatically higher; people, liberated from want (and without the desire to consume for the sake of consumption), would work no more than fifteen hours a week, devoting the rest of their time to leisure and culture. In Revisiting Keynes, leading contemporary economists consider what Keynes got right in his essay--the rise in the standard of living, for example--and what he got wrong--such as a shortened work week and consumer satiation. In so doing, they raise challenging questions about the world economy and contemporary lifestyles in the twenty-first century. The contributors--among them, four Nobel laureates in economics--point out that although Keynes correctly predicted economic growth, he neglected the problems of distribution and inequality. Keynes overestimated the desire of people to stop working and underestimated the pleasures and rewards of work--perhaps basing his idea of "economic bliss" on the life of the English gentleman or the ideals of his Bloomsbury group friends. In Revisiting Keynes, Keynes's short essay--usually seen as a minor divertissement compared to his other more influential works--becomes the catalyst for a lively debate among some of today's top economists about economic growth, inequality, wealth, work, leisure, culture, and consumerism. ContributorsWilliam J. Baumol, Leonardo Becchetti, Gary S. Becker, Michele Boldrin, Jean-Paul Fitoussi, Robert H. Frank, Richard B. Freeman, Benjamin M. Friedman, Axel Leijonhufvud, David K. Levine, Lee E. Ohanian, Edmund S. Phelps, Luis Rayo, Robert Solow, Joseph E. Stiglitz, Fabrizio Zilibotti

《就业、利息和货币通论》认为失业除了传统经济学认为的摩擦失业和自愿失业外，还有一种非自愿失业，其原因是有效需求不足，有效需求是批商品总供给价格与总需求价格达到均衡时的总需求，由于总供给在短期内不会有大的变动，所以失业是因为总需求或有效需求不足。有效需求包括投资需求和消费需求，有效需求不足是消费需求和投资需求不足的结果。后者又是因为消费倾向、对资本未来收益的预期和对货币的流动偏好三个心理因素的作用。消费需求不足是因消费倾向递减，使消费的增长赶不上收入的增长。投资需求不足是因为资本效率递减和流动偏好，前者是指投资利润率的下降，后者是指人们保留现金偏好。 因此，凯恩斯主张政府要想办法促进有效需求，办法是：增加工资以增加消费，采用累进税增加穷人收入，实行赤字预算与适度的通货膨胀政策。他认为，刺激投资比刺激消费更重要。它有乘数效应。在研究方法上，它将传统经济学的供给本身创造需求理论基础上的充分就业均衡看作是特例，而将小于充分就业的均衡看作常态，由此构造能包容原有经济学在内的更具有一般性的理论。