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Home Advantage - Review

Home advantage讲的是我们都心中有数却又不知从何讲起的一个现象:不同社会阶层的家长对于教育子女的方式是不同的。作者Annette Lareau借用了布迪厄的“文化资本”(cultural capital)概念以及十几个个案调查深入浅出的向读者描绘出父母和孩子之间的互动以及父母是如何利用学校资源帮助孩子的。前言里写道:

    In Americanizing the concept of cultural capital, Lareau demonstrates the power of a sociology that examines the intersection of biography and social structure, that takes seriously the power of individuals to act and yet does not see individual action as the end of the story. Middle-class parents do not set out to display class privilege. They set out to help their own children, aware that their future success depends on how well they do in school. They also want to keep their children from suffering the pain of failure. These desires are harnessed to a larger system in which advantage is systematically generated by some and systematically kept out of the reach of others. The powerful yoking of the individual with the structural reproduces inequality across the generations. Ultimately, it yields a social system in which merit appears to be an attribute of individuals. Thus, for example, when acknowledging the achievement of children who learn well and quickly, we rarely not that this mastery of academic skills is the end result of many incremental steps. At each stage, children’s access to the next step may be limited or enhanced by their class position because middle class and working-class parents interact differently with the institutions in which their children learn and compete.

Lareau认为文化资本的传递不是被动的,特别在教育中,中产阶级家庭的父母主动向孩子灌输、传授那些经验、方法 ——这些都是曾经帮助他们自己获得高等级的工作、高层次的教育以及组织性技能(high-status job, educational sophistication, and organizational skills)。这会体现在帮助孩子做作业,经常和学校联系,主动建立父母之间的社会关系网,课外辅导等等途径之上。而这些都是劳工阶层的父母不会做。而日积月累之后就反映到了学生的成绩之上。这是一种隐性的“阶级优势”,也造成了学生从起跑线上开始就不是在一个位置上。

我在读的时候想到我的父母还有我朋友的父母从小是如何教育我们的。Lareau的研究并不是说父母这样做错了,事实上她还指出了这种父母介入子女教育经常会产生“不适”,因为这种教导包含了许多的道德评价(moral judgment)在其中。父母会告诉孩子这样做的是对的,那样是错的,通常不会留给孩子自己下判断的空间,从而造成许多的冲突。尽管如此,当我们回想自己是如何走到今天这一步的时候,恐怕谁都不能说是百分之百“自己的努力”得来的。从个人层面上说教育是私人物品,要怎样都是自己的事情。但是从社会的层面说,就是学校这种组织形式从无形中创造出了一种阶级分化(或者说强化)。

Lareau的书讲的是美国,那么在中国这种情况又会是怎样的?就我自己成长的经验,周围同学的父母不管从事什么工作都对孩子的教育参与很多,似乎在城市文化里面这种差异不多。但是在农村非常普遍。农村孩子的家长不太会干涉孩子的学习或者是经常和老师联系。能够把孩子管住并保证他们按时去学校,已经是大部分家长能做的极限了。那学校和老师可以做些什么来弥补这些呢?

原文:http://makzhou.warehouse333.com/2008/09/27/1556/