在这本书中，詹姆斯·卡斯向我们展示了世界上两种类型的“游戏”：“有限的游戏”和“无限的游戏”。有限的游戏，其目的在于赢得胜利；无限的游戏，却旨在让游戏永远进行下去。有限的游戏在边界内玩，无限的游戏玩的就是边界。有限的游戏具有一个确定的开始和结束，拥有特定的赢家，规则的存在就是为了保证游戏会结束。无限的游戏既没有确定的开始和结束，也没有赢家，它的目的在于将更多的人带入到游戏本身中来，从而延续游戏。

To most of us, learning something "the hard way" implies wasted time and effort. Good teaching, we believe, should be creatively tailored to the different learning styles of students and should use strategies that make learning easier. Make It Stick turns fashionable ideas like these on their head. Drawing on recent discoveries in cognitive psychology and other disciplines, the authors offer concrete techniques for becoming more productive learners.
Memory plays a central role in our ability to carry out complex cognitive tasks, such as applying knowledge to problems never before encountered and drawing inferences from facts already known. New insights into how memory is encoded, consolidated, and later retrieved have led to a better understanding of how we learn. Grappling with the impediments that make learning challenging leads both to more complex mastery and better retention of what was learned.
Many common study habits and practice routines turn out to be counterproductive. Underlining and highlighting, rereading, cramming, and single-minded repetition of new skills create the illusion of mastery, but gains fade quickly. More complex and durable learning come from self-testing, introducing certain difficulties in practice, waiting to re-study new material until a little forgetting has set in, and interleaving the practice of one skill or topic with another. Speaking most urgently to students, teachers, trainers, and athletes, Make It Stick will appeal to all those interested in the challenge of lifelong learning and self-improvement.

本书是风靡国际的一部另类的经典经济学教科书。与主流经济学教材不同，本书回避了繁复的公式、函数、运算，通过深入浅出和饶有趣味的图画，将日常生活中纷繁复杂、看似毫无关联的一些社会现象，和一套富有一致性的思维框架结合起来，展示出一种“经济学的想象力”。正如道格拉斯•诺斯所说，经济学的力量就在于它是一种思维方式，本书的目的正是引导读者学会经济学推理方式，从而能够像经济学家一样思考问题。
《经济学的思维方式》已经被翻译成多种语言，享誉全世界，堪称经济学教育领域的一部标尺性著作。自2008年第11版翻译引进以来，在大专院校和非专业读者中都引起了相当的反响，荣获了多项优秀图书奖。作者在11版的基础上，对全书的结构和内容作了大量修订，相信会给读者带来全新的认识。

殺不死我的，使我更強大。 
既然黑天鵝事件無法避免，那就想辦法從中獲取最大利益 

每一件事情都會從波動得到利益或承受損失。 

脆弱是指因為波動和不確定而承受損失。 

反脆弱則是讓自己避免這些損失，甚至因此獲利。 

尼采名言：「殺不死我的，使我更強大」。就像人的骨頭承受壓力和緊張會變得更加堅強，謠言或暴亂會在有人試圖鎮壓它們時變本加厲，生命中的許多事物也會受益於壓力、混亂、波動和動盪。《黑天鵝效應》作者塔雷伯找到所謂「反脆弱」的那類事物，不只受益於混沌，我們也需要適時出現的壓力與危機，才能維持生存與繁榮。 

《黑天鵝效應》告訴我們，非常不可能發生和無法預測的事件，存在於世界上幾乎每一種事物之中。《反脆弱》一書更力陳不確定是件好事，甚至有其必要，並且建議我們以反脆弱的方式建立各種事物。反脆弱超越堅韌或強固：堅韌至多只能夠抵抗震撼和維持原狀；反脆弱則會變得愈來愈好。此外，反脆弱可以免於預測誤差，並且受到保護，不受不利事件的影響。 

為什麼這個世界上最穩定的國家其實沒有政府？為什麼債務對你不好，以及為什麼我們一般說的「效率」根本缺乏效率？為什麼政府的反應和社會政策保護強者，卻傷害弱者？為什麼你甚至在還沒就職之前，就應該寫好辭職信？鐵達尼號的沉沒為何拯救了更多生命？這本書大談試誤法、人生的大小決定、政治、都市計畫、戰爭、個人理財、經濟體系和醫療系統……風格獨樹一幟。《反脆弱》是生活在不確定世界中的藍圖，也是面對隨時可能出現的黑天鵝事件時的終極自保守則。

享誉世界的哲学泰斗丹尼尔·丹尼特，融通计算机科学、心理学、神经科学、语言学、人工智能，倾囊相授他一生至今所搜集的各种好用的思考工具。这本书诞生于大学新生的课堂，力图做到“人人能懂”。
使用大量方便的、辅助性的思考工具，去拓展想象力、保持专注力，让我们妥当、优雅地思考真正的难题。利用各种思考工具，让你拨开各种思想的层层迷雾，你会发现，那么多明摆着的观点其实根本就不是那么“明摆着”的。
达尔文的进化论不仅只是一种理论，也可以打造成直觉泵等思考利器，破除种种事后追溯的思维陋习。自然选择作为一种思维方式，也日益融入计算机算法的设计中，在本书中你还将掌握有关计算机能力的7个秘密，把算法和程序当作思考工具。
“直觉泵”是很有用的思考工具，作为一种思想实验，一个好的直觉泵比任何一种论证和分析都更为有力。这本书不仅带你去检验不合格的直觉泵，也让你理解好的直觉泵，更教你如何应用和制作直觉泵。

Major New York Times bestseller
Winner of the National Academy of Sciences Best Book Award in 2012
Selected by the New York Times Book Review as one of the best books of 2011
A Globe and Mail Best Books of the Year 2011 Title
One of The Economist’s 2011 Books of the Year
One of The Wall Street Journal's Best Nonfiction Books of the Year 2011
In the international bestseller, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman, the renowned psychologist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, takes us on a groundbreaking tour of the mind and explains the two systems that drive the way we think. System 1 is fast, intuitive, and emotional; System 2 is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. The impact of overconfidence on corporate strategies, the difficulties of predicting what will make us happy in the future, the profound effect of cognitive biases on everything from playing the stock market to planning our next vacation—each of these can be understood only by knowing how the two systems shape our judgments and decisions.
Engaging the reader in a lively conversation about how we think, Kahneman reveals where we can and cannot trust our intuitions and how we can tap into the benefits of slow thinking. He offers practical and enlightening insights into how choices are made in both our business and our personal lives—and how we can use different techniques to guard against the mental glitches that often get us into trouble. Winner of the National Academy of Sciences Best Book Award and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize and selected by The New York Times Book Review as one of the ten best books of 2011, Thinking, Fast and Slow is destined to be a classic.
One of the New York Times Book Review's Top 10 Books of 2011
Editorial Reviews
Amazon.com Review
Amazon Best Books of the Month, November 2011: Drawing on decades of research in psychology that resulted in a Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, Daniel Kahneman takes readers on an exploration of what influences thought example by example, sometimes with unlikely word pairs like "vomit and banana." System 1 and System 2, the fast and slow types of thinking, become characters that illustrate the psychology behind things we think we understand but really don't, such as intuition. Kahneman's transparent and careful treatment of his subject has the potential to change how we think, not just about thinking, but about how we live our lives. Thinking, Fast and Slow gives deep--and sometimes frightening--insight about what goes on inside our heads: the psychological basis for reactions, judgments, recognition, choices, conclusions, and much more. --JoVon Sotak
Review
“A tour de force. . . Kahneman’s book is a must read for anyone interested in either human behavior or investing. He clearly shows that while we like to think of ourselves as rational in our decision making, the truth is we are subject to many biases. At least being aware of them will give you a better chance of avoiding them, or at least making fewer of them.”—Larry Swedroe, CBS News
“Daniel Kahneman demonstrates forcefully in his new book, Thinking, Fast and Slow, how easy it is for humans to swerve away from rationality.”—Christopher Shea, The Washington Post
“An outstanding book, distinguished by beauty and clarity of detail, precision of presentation and gentleness of manner. Its truths are open to all those whose System 2 is not completely defunct. I have hardly touched on its richness.”— Galen Strawson, The Guardian
“Brilliant . . . It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of Daniel Kahneman’s contribution to the understanding of the way we think and choose. He stands among the giants, a weaver of the threads of Charles Darwin, Adam Smith and Sigmund Freud. Arguably the most important psychologist in history, Kahneman has reshaped cognitive psychology, the analysis of rationality and reason, the understanding of risk and the study of happiness and well-being . . . A magisterial work, stunning in its ambition, infused with knowledge, laced with wisdom, informed by modesty and deeply humane. If you can read only one book this year, read this one.”— Janice Gross Stein, The Globe and Mail
“A sweeping, compelling tale of just how easily our brains are bamboozled, bringing in both his own research and that of numerous psychologists, economists, and other experts...Kahneman has a remarkable ability to take decades worth of research and distill from it what would be important and interesting for a lay audience...Thinking, Fast and Slow is an immensely important book. Many science books are uneven, with a useful or interesting chapter too often followed by a dull one. Not so here. With rare exceptions, the entire span of this weighty book is fascinating and applicable to day-to-day life. Everyone should read Thinking, Fast and Slow.” —Jesse Singal, Boston Globe
“We must be grateful to Kahneman for giving us in this book a joyful understanding of the practical side of our personalities.” —Freeman Dyson, The New York Review of Books
“Brilliant . . . It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of Daniel Kahneman’s contribution to the understanding of the way we think and choose. He stands among the giants, a weaver of the threads of Charles Darwin, Adam Smith and Sigmund Freud. Arguably the most important psychologist in history, Kahneman has reshaped cognitive psychology, the analysis of rationality and reason, the understanding of risk and the study of happiness and well-being . . . A magisterial work, stunning in its ambition, infused with knowledge, laced with wisdom, informed by modesty and deeply humane. If you can read only one book this year, read this one.” — Janice Gross Stein, The Globe and Mail
“It is an astonishingly rich book: lucid, profound, full of intellectual surprises and self-help value. It is consistently entertaining and frequently touching, especially when Kahneman is recounting his collaboration with Tversky . . . So impressive is its vision of flawed human reason that the New York Times columnist David Brooks recently declared that Kahneman and Tversky’s work ‘will be remembered hundreds of years from now,’ and that it is ‘a crucial pivot point in the way we see ourselves.’ They are, Brooks said, ‘like the Lewis and Clark of the mind’ . . . By the time I got to the end of Thinking, Fast and Slow, my skeptical frown had long since given way to a grin of intellectual satisfaction. Appraising the book by the peak-end rule, I overconfidently urge everyone to buy and read it. But for those who are merely interested in Kahenman’s takeaway on the Malcolm Gladwell question it is this: If you've had 10,000 hours of training in a predictable, rapid-feedback environment—chess, firefighting, anesthesiology—then blink. In all other cases, think.”—The New York Times Book Review
“Ask around and you hear pretty much the same thing. 'Kahneman is the most influential psychologist since Sigmund Freud,' says Christopher Chabris, a professor of psychology at Union College, in New York. 'No one else has had such a broad impact on so many fields' . . . It now seems inevitable that Kahneman, who made his reputation by ignoring or defying conventional wisdom, is about to be anointed the intellectual guru of our economically irrational times.”— Evan R. Goldstein, The Chronicle of Higher Education
“There have been many good books on human rationality and irrationality, but only one masterpiece. That masterpiece is Daniel Kahneman’s Thinking, Fast and Slow . . . This is one of the greatest and most engaging collections of insights into the human mind I have read.”—William Easterly, Financial Times
“[Thinking, Fast and Slow] is wonderful, of course. To anyone with the slightest interest in the workings of his own mind, it is so rich and fascinating that any summary would seem absurd.”— Michael Lewis, Vanity Fair
“Absorbingly articulate and infinitely intelligent . . . What's most enjoyable and compelling about Thinking, Fast and Slow is that it's so utterly, refreshingly anti-Gladwellian. There is nothing pop about Kahneman's psychology, no formulaic story arc, no beating you over the head with an artificial, buzzword-encrusted Big Idea. It's just the wisdom that comes from five decades of honest, rigorous scientific work, delivered humbly yet brilliantly, in a way that will forever change the way you think about thinking.”—Maria Popova, The Atlantic
“I will never think about thinking quite the same. [Thinking, Fast and Slow] is a monumental achievement.”—Roger Lowenstein, Bloomberg/Businessweek
“Profound . . . As Copernicus removed the Earth from the centre of the universe and Darwin knocked humans off their biological perch, Mr. Kahneman has shown that we are not the paragons of reason we assume ourselves to be.” —The Economist
“[Kahneman’s] disarmingly simple experiments have profoundly changed the way that we think about thinking . . . We like to see ourselves as a Promethean species, uniquely endowed with the gift of reason. But Mr. Kahneman’s simple experiments reveal a very different mind, stuffed full of habits that, in most situations, lead us astray.” —Jonah Lehrer, The Wall Street Journal
“[A] tour de force of psychological insight, research explication and compelling narrative that brings together in one volume the high points of Mr. Kahneman's notable contributions, over five decades, to the study of human judgment, decision-making and choice . . . Thanks to the elegance and force of his ideas, and the robustness of the evidence he offers for them, he has helped us to a new understanding of our divided minds—and our whole selves.” —Christoper F. Chabris, The Wall Street Journal
“The ramifications of Kahenman’s work are wide, extending into education, business, marketing, politics . . . and even happiness research. Call his field “psychonomics,” the hidden reasoning behind our choices. Thinking, Fast and Slow is essential reading for anyone with a mind.” —Kyle Smith, The New York Post
“A major intellectual event . . . The work of Kahneman and Tversky was a crucial pivot point in the way we see ourselves.” —David Brooks, The New York Times
“Kahneman provides a detailed, yet accessible, description of the psychological mechanisms involved in making decisions.” —Jacek Debiec, Nature
“With Kahneman’s expert help, readers may understand this mix of psychology and economics better than most accountants, therapists, or elected representatives. VERDICT A stellar accomplishment, a book for everyone who likes to think and wants to do it better.” —Library Journal
“The mind is a hilariously muddled compromise between incompatible modes of thought in this fascinating treatise by a giant in the field of decision research. Nobel-winning psychologist Kahneman (Attention and Effort) posits a brain governed by two clashing decision-making processes. The largely unconscious System 1, he contends, makes intuitive snap judgments based on emotion, memory, and hard-wired rules of thumb; the painfully conscious System 2 laboriously checks the facts and does the math, but is so "lazy" and distractible that it usually defers to System 1. Kahneman uses this scheme to frame a scintillating discussion of his findings in cognitive psychology and behavioral economics, and of the ingenious experiments that tease out the irrational, self-contradictory logics that underlie our choices. We learn why we mistake statistical noise for cohere...

A fun and fascinating look at great scientific paradoxes.

Throughout history, scientists have come up with theories and ideas that just don't seem to make sense. These we call paradoxes. The paradoxes Al-Khalili offers are drawn chiefly from physics and astronomy and represent those that have stumped some of the finest minds. For example, how can a cat be both dead and alive at the same time? Why will Achilles never beat a tortoise in a race, no matter how fast he runs? And how can a person be ten years older than his twin?
With elegant explanations that bring the reader inside the mind of those who've developed them, Al-Khalili helps us to see that, in fact, paradoxes can be solved if seen from the right angle. Just as surely as Al-Khalili narrates the enduring fascination of these classic paradoxes, he reveals their underlying logic. In doing so, he brings to life a select group of the most exciting concepts in human knowledge. Paradox is mind-expanding fun.

给我一双慧眼吧
2015-07-31罗振宇罗辑思维
今天这个周五上新日，我们推荐给大家的是——《经济学通识》，薛兆丰教授的作品。
推荐理由
1. 它是我所见最好的塑造市场经济价值观的读本。
2. 它是最贴近中国现实的经济学入门读物。浅白，又深刻。
3. 它对我个人影响至深。
除此之外，容我多说几句——
我们每天都在发表各色观点。
但即使抛开对错，观点还是有高下之分的。
如何高明地吐槽一切？
捷径是——把你对具体事物的观点扎根在一个深厚的思想传统里。
有无数古圣先贤的生命体验、逻辑推导和暗夜长思为你的观点提供支持，你才能言之成理、持之有据。
在所有的思想传统里，我的选择是——西方现代自由主义。
为什么？
因为它是现实的赢家、国际的主流，但更重要的是——它无时无刻不在破除我们的直觉，让我们从蒙昧中醒来。
我们的大脑形成于漫长的进化过程。在初民时代，物资匮乏、协作稀少，靠直觉做判断就足以应付简单的生存需求。
但今天，人类正在卷入越来越广泛的协作中，复杂的社会系统远远超过了直觉能够驾驭的范围，我们需要用更为超越的理性去把握世界。
这就是为什么现代经济学的很多结论，我们觉得反直觉、毁三观的原因。
读一本好的经济学书，也许不会让你挣到更多地钱，但是会为你打下坚实的价值观基础。
从此，你的思想有了一个家。
《经济学通识》的作者薛兆丰教授，是中国大陆最纯粹的自由主义经济学家。
在一次旅行中，我问薛教授：“为什么要学一点经济学？”
他答：“如果不懂经济学，一个自由主义者的自由主义是不牢靠的。”
与一般的大学者不同，薛兆丰从来不喜欢写艰深难读的大部头专著，他更擅长撰写的是短小有趣的时评。
但与一般的报刊时评又不同，薛兆丰的文章一定从当下的事件引申到经济学的基本原则、规律和思维方式，所以这些文章的价值并不会随着热点切换而耗散掉，反而是历久弥新。
《经济学通识》就是薛兆丰教授的一部自选集，他从自己10多年写作的文章中，精选出98篇。就像他对我说的：“想成为真正的市场经济支持者，或真正的自由主义支持者，你绕不开这本书所讨论的每一个议题。”
读这本书，你会产生一种随时烧脑毁三观的冲击感。
● 你将逐渐学会，把“愿望”和“结果”分开来衡量；
● 你知道不仅要看“局部”，而且还要看“全部”；
● 你不仅能看见“别人看得见的”，还能看见“别人所看不见的”；
● 你会发现“事实是什么”比“别人怎么形容”更重要；
● 你还会觉得不少过去看来理所当然的因果关系原来颠倒过来才对。
改造“世界”，非经济学所长；但改造“世界观”，却是经济学的强项。阅读本书的后果，就是“世界观”的转变。
小测验
薛兆丰教授特别强调，这本书并不适合所有人。他出了一套测试题，看看你是否需要这本《经济学通识》。
你认同吗？
01. 高峰期打车难的根本原因是出租车不够
02. 要减少失业，就必须创造更多的职位
03. 掌握价格规律有助于预测价格波动
04. 商人实行“价格歧视”，会损害消费者利益
05. 政府拍卖土地推高了房屋价格
06. 实施“同工同酬”法有利于保护弱者的权益
07. 基尼系数越高说明收入分配越不公
08. 商人乱提价会引起通货膨胀
09. 冗长的销售链条和贪婪的中间商抬高了药价
10. 遏制投机需求有助于降低房价
11. 反垄断法是维护市场经济的根本大法
12. 成功的企业家应该回报社会
13. 罢工能抵抗资本家对工人的剥削
14. 没有民主就没有自由
15. 大部分人在大部分时间里是正确的
如果你从没有认可过这些说法，那恭喜你，你不必读这本书了。
如果你认同过其中一些，那么还是推荐你读一下这本《经济学通识》吧。
《经济学通识》，罗辑思维联手北京大学出版社升级复活，独家首发。
世界并不复杂，只是你需要重塑一双慧眼。
☞ 戳此购买《经济学通识》http://t.cn/RLpUZFD

`Great fun ... brash, stubborn, entertaining, opinionated, curious,
`Hugely enjoyable - compelling'
`Idiosyncratically brilliant'
`A fascinating study of how we are regularly taken for suckers by the unexpected'
`A deeply intelligent, provocative book'
'Like the conversation of raconteur ... hugely enjoyable - compelling ... Beware the Black Swan' --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
'The Black Swan confirms his status as a guru for every would-be Damien Hirst, George Soros and aspirant despot' --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
'A deeply intelligent, provocative book ... Taleb succeeds in
bringing sceptical empiricism to the masses' --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
'A richly enjoyable read with an important message' --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
'A provocative macro-trend tome in the tradition of The Wisdom of
Crowds and The Tipping Point' --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

这个世界似乎相当复杂。尽管现代科技日新月异，我们的生活仍必须时常提防突如其来的意外事件：随机发生的地震、毫无预警的股市震荡，以及常常会出现失误的天气预报。然而，生命本身似乎才是宇宙中最复杂的现象。那么，我们该如何看待这个世界？《深奥的简洁》是第一本涵盖了蝴蝶效应、盖娅理论，以及各种关于混沌与复杂概念的图书。在这本充满智慧和启发性的书中，科普大师葛瑞宾向我们说明：复杂，其实很简单；即使是看来完全随机的行为深处，也只是遵从简单的因果规律。
如同一幅充满禅意的图画，或一个破碎的形体，或蝴蝶翅膀的有趣图案，整个世界都建立于简单元素之上，经由互动与组织，造就出高度复杂的整体。而在一切深奥结构与和谐之下的简洁，才是我们存在的基石，从天气、地震、太阳系以及至今已知最复杂系统——地球生命的起源，葛瑞宾娓娓道出混沌与复杂如何和宇宙各个方面紧密地交织在一起，并以相同的方式掌控了生命与银河等的演化，最后，他试着为“最困难的问题”——在地球之外，是否还有生命存在——提出解答。