John Gerring's exceptional textbook has been thoroughly revised in this second edition. It offers a one-volume introduction to social science methodology relevant to the disciplines of anthropology, economics, history, political science, psychology and sociology. This new edition has been extensively developed with the introduction of new material and a thorough treatment of essential elements such as conceptualization, measurement, causality and research design. It is written for students, long-time practitioners and methodologists and covers both qualitative and quantitative methods. It synthesizes the vast and diverse field of methodology in a way that is clear, concise and comprehensive. While offering a handy overview of the subject, the book is also an argument about how we should conceptualize methodological problems. Thinking about methodology through this lens provides a new framework for understanding work in the social sciences.

Methods of Discovery is organized around strategies for deepening arguments in order to find the best ways to study social phenomena. This exciting book is not about the mechanics of doing social science research, but about habits of thinking that enable students to use those mechanics in new ways, by coming up with new ideas and combining them more effectively with old ones. Examples from throughout the social sciences help show how these moves can open new lines of thinking. Each chapter covers several moves and their reverses (if these exist), discussing particular examples of the move as well as its logical and theoretical structure. This book offers readers a new way of thinking about directions for their research and new ways to imagine information relevant to their research problems.

Quantitative analysis is an increasingly essential skill for social science research, yet students in the social sciences and related areas typically receive little training in it—or if they do, they usually end up in statistics classes that offer few insights into their field. This textbook is a practical introduction to data analysis and statistics written especially for undergraduates and beginning graduate students in the social sciences and allied fields, such as economics, sociology, public policy, and data science. Quantitative Social Science engages directly with empirical analysis, showing students how to analyze data using the R programming language and to interpret the results—it encourages hands-on learning, not paper-and-pencil statistics. More than forty data sets taken directly from leading quantitative social science research illustrate how data analysis can be used to answer important questions about society and human behavior. Proven in the classroom, this one-of-a-kind textbook features numerous additional data analysis exercises and interactive R programming exercises, and also comes with supplementary teaching materials for instructors. Written especially for students in the social sciences and allied fields, including economics, sociology, public policy, and data science Provides hands-on instruction using R programming, not paper-and-pencil statistics Includes more than forty data sets from actual research for students to test their skills on Covers data analysis concepts such as causality, measurement, and prediction, as well as probability and statistical tools Features a wealth of supplementary exercises, including additional data analysis exercises and interactive programming exercises Offers a solid foundation for further study Comes with additional course materials online, including notes, sample code, exercises and problem sets with solutions, and lecture slides

作者选取了从17世纪到20世纪西方小说史上的15部“里程碑”式的作品，以小说的语言和叙事方法为线索，作了全新的解读，既有小说这一体裁产生之初的《堂吉诃德》和18、19世纪的所谓“经典小说”，也有20世纪现代派小说，其中包括《爱玛》《包法利夫人》《诉讼》《百年孤独》《不能承受的生命之轻》《寒冬夜行人》。在对15部小说的个案分析中，布林克旁征博引，对20世纪西方重要思想家的观点都有比较精到的引证和阐析。

Now in its third edition, Narration and Knowledge is a classic work exploring the nature of historical knowledge and its reliance on narrative. Analytical philosopher Arthur C. Danto introduces the concept of "narrative sentences," in which an event is described with reference to later events (for example, "the Thirty Years' War began in 1618") and discusses why such sentences cannot be understood until the later event happens (no one could have said in 1618 that "the Thirty Years' War began today"). Danto compares narrative and scientific explanation and explores the legitimacy of historical laws. He also argues that history is an autonomous and humanist discipline incapable of being reduced to scientific descriptions. Lydia Goehr's new introduction illustrates Danto's main arguments by questioning her very role, first, as an introducer of a book that has not yet been read by readers and, second, as an interpreter of a book written forty years ago. Frank Ankersmit's conclusion revisits the initial impact of the publication of Narration and Knowledge and considers its enduring legacy.

A Turing Award-winning computer scientist and statistician shows how understanding causality has revolutionized science and will revolutionize artificial intelligence “Correlation is not causation.” This mantra, chanted by scientists for more than a century, has led to a virtual prohibition on causal talk. Today, that taboo is dead. The causal revolution, instigated by Judea Pearl and his colleagues, has cut through a century of confusion and established causality–the study of cause and effect–on a firm scientific basis. His work explains how we can know easy things, like whether it was rain or a sprinkler that made a sidewalk wet; and how to answer hard questions, like whether a drug cured an illness. Pearl’s work enables us to know not just whether one thing causes another: it lets us explore the world that is and the worlds that could have been. It shows us the essence of human thought and key to artificial intelligence. Anyone who wants to understand either needs The Book of Why.

Simply put, Thinking Through Statistics is a primer on how to maintain rigorous data standards in social science work, and one that makes a strong case for revising the way that we try to use statistics to support our theories. But don’t let that daunt you. With clever examples and witty takeaways, John Levi Martin proves himself to be a most affable tour guide through these scholarly waters.

Thomas S. Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was a watershed event when it was published in 1962, upending the previous understanding of science as a slow, logical accumulation of facts and introducing, with the concept of the “paradigm shift,” social and psychological considerations into the heart of the scientific process. More than fifty years after its publication, Kuhn’s work continues to influence thinkers in a wide range of fields, including scientists, historians, and sociologists. It is clear that The Structure of Scientific Revolutions itself marks no less of a paradigm shift than those it describes. In Kuhn’s “Structure of Scientific Revolutions” at Fifty, leading social scientists and philosophers explore the origins of Kuhn’s masterwork and its legacy fifty years on. These essays exhume important historical context for Kuhn’s work, critically analyzing its foundations in twentieth-century science, politics, and Kuhn’s own intellectual biography: his experiences as a physics graduate student, his close relationship with psychologists before and after the publication of Structure, and the Cold War framework of terms such as “world view” and “paradigm.”

近年来，管理研究领域涌现出越来越多以哲学为基础的反思与讨论。美国德克萨斯达拉斯大学曾荣光教授所著的?管理研究哲学?一书无疑是在这方面具有代表性的、相对全面且系统的著作。?管理研究哲学?针对管理研究者所遇到的一系列关键方法论问题（如假定、解释、理论检验、概况、复制等）进行了哲学层面的审辩与分析，对于丰富管理研究的科学哲学基础，加强管理研究方法论的科学性，构建可靠的、有效的管理理论知识体系都有着非常重要的意义。

This book presents the first broad look at the rapidly emerging field of data-intensive science, with the goal of influencing the worldwide scientific and computing research communities and inspiring the next generation of scientists. Increasingly, scientific breakthroughs will be powered by advanced computing capabilities that help researchers manipulate and explore massive datasets. The speed at which any given scientific discipline advances will depend on how well its researchers collaborate with one another, and with technologists, in areas of eScience such as databases, workflow management, visualization, and cloud-computing technologies. This collection of essays expands on the vision of pioneering computer scientist Jim Gray for a new, fourth paradigm of discovery based on data-intensive science and offers insights into how it can be fully realized.

This book provides the first clear, comprehensive, and accessible account of complex adaptive social systems, by two of the field's leading authorities. Such systems - whether political parties, stock markets, or ant colonies - present some of the most intriguing theoretical and practical challenges confronting the social sciences. Engagingly written, and balancing technical detail with intuitive explanations, "Complex Adaptive Systems" focuses on the key tools and ideas that have emerged in the field since the mid-1990s, as well as the techniques needed to investigate such systems. It provides a detailed introduction to concepts such as emergence, self-organized criticality, automata, networks, diversity, adaptation, and feedback. It also demonstrates how complex adaptive systems can be explored using methods ranging from mathematics to computational models of adaptive agents. John Miller and Scott Page show how to combine ideas from economics, political science, biology, physics, and computer science to illuminate topics in organization, adaptation, decentralization, and robustness. They also demonstrate how the usual extremes used in modeling can be fruitfully transcended.

Social scientists seek to develop systematic ways to understand how people make meaning and how the meanings they make shape them and the world in which they live. But how do we measure such processes? Measuring Culture is an essential point of entry for both those new to the field and those who are deeply immersed in the measurement of meaning. Written collectively by a team of leading qualitative and quantitative sociologists of culture, the book considers three common subjects of measurement—people, objects, and relationships—and then discusses how to pivot effectively between subjects and methods. Measuring Culture takes the reader on a tour of the state of the art in measuring meaning, from discussions of neuroscience to computational social science. It provides both the definitive introduction to the sociological literature on culture as well as a critical set of case studies for methods courses across the social sciences.

The concept of the case is a basic feature of social science research and yet many questions about how a case should be defined, selected, and judged are far from settled. The contributors to this volume probe the nature of the case and the ways in which different understandings of the concept affect the conduct and the results of research. The contributions demonstrate that the work of any given researcher is often characterised by some hybrid of these basic approaches, and it is important to understand that most research involves multiple definitions and uses of cases, as both specific empirical phenomena and as general theoretical categories.

Social scientists, whether earnest graduate students or tenured faculty members, clearly know the rules that govern good writing. But for some reason they choose to ignore those guidelines and churn out turgid, pompous, and obscure prose. Distinguished sociologist Howard S. Becker, true to his calling, looks for an explanation for this bizarre behavior not in the psyches of his colleagues but in the structure of his profession. In this highly personal and inspirational volume he considers academic writing as a social activity. Both the means and the reasons for writing a thesis or article or book are socially structured by the organization of graduate study, the requirements for publication, and the conditions for promotion, and the pressures arising from these situations create the writing style so often lampooned and lamented. Drawing on his thirty-five years' experience as a researcher, writer, and teacher, Becker exposes the foibles of the academic profession to the light of sociological analysis and gentle humor. He also offers eminently useful suggestions for ways to make social scientists better and more productive writers. Among the topics discussed are how to overcome the paralyzing fears of chaos and ridicule that lead to writer's block; how to rewrite and revise, again and again; how to adopt a persona compatible with lucid prose; how to deal with that academic bugaboo, "the literature." There is also a chapter by Pamela Richards on the personal and professional risks involved in scholarly writing. In recounting his own trials and errors Becker offers his readers not a model to be slavishly imitated but an example to inspire. Throughout, his focus is on the elusive work habits that contribute to good writing, not the more easily learned rules of grammar and punctuation. Although his examples are drawn from sociological literature, his conclusions apply to all fields of social science, and indeed to all areas of scholarly endeavor. The message is clear: you don't have to write like a social scientist to be one.

潛心四十餘載，末代武士的關鍵一戰 一九七〇年代，葉啟政教授回台任教，學術關懷轉向理論性思考，但同時也保留了主流的以實證主義為導向的「經驗實徵」研究這條「深層」軸線。《從因果到機制》即是他對此深層軸線沉思四十年的積累成果。在這部深具開創性的作品中，葉教授徹底反思了「確立因果關係」這個科學探討的核心課題。 在葉教授的思路裡，一招一式都在表達一個基本立場：尊重各種研究策略，但絕無法供奉某種特定的研究策略是追求「真理」的唯一途徑。固然我們經常選擇某種「靜態」的特定狀態來作為貫連因果關係的「變項」，但這樣的「靜態」模樣只是用來勾勒整個現象的起始概念。事實上，起點充其量只是提供我們如此漫遊的意義，重點更在於尋找概念的分岔點。這正是葉教授不斷檢討實證主義主導下「經驗實徵」研究策略所具有的特性及其侷限的基本緣由。 批判經驗實徵，既破且立的全新視野 葉教授的前一部作品《實證的迷思》致力於破除以實證主義為主導的「典範迷思」，而在《從因果到機制》中，葉教授更上層樓，深入探討「因果」與「機制」此二論點如何架設、分殊、轉化與圓成的問題。 在過去，學者們力主採取「變項」這類概念來表徵現象的因果關係。這樣的表達方式卻有著基本缺陷，其中最為根本的莫過於，從表徵現象認定的因果關係可能是虛假的，經常無法有效處理「混淆因子」問題。針對此一難題，最典型的化解方法即是善用「機制」概念來補救。「機制」提供一套解釋項和被解釋項之間，相互連串且接續的因果聯繫。在此同時，機制卻也涉及到具因果鏈性質的「中介變項」問題。更貼切地來說，這乃關乎「機制」作為一種中介過程的問題了。 葉教授進一步以分析社會學和批判實在論作為分析對象，檢討他們各就不同立場如何處理「機制」這一概念。葉教授認識到，機制乃是一種具引信促發作用的解釋性思維理路。「機制」的內涵理法必然是具有一定的穩定性，但隨時空條件的更移卻可能轉變。這意味著，人作為具有能動性的行動者，在當下時空的思考與決定，對事態的發展，是具有決定性的關鍵因素。 最後，葉教授認為，我們可以採行Max Weber的「理念型」概念來處理「機制」作為因果權（能）力的表現。基本上，以機制為基礎的因果解釋，乃是以具選擇親近性的方式來描繪因果過程，而非窮盡所有的可能情況。其所論述的因果，其實是人們透過經驗所形塑出的一種心靈圖像，因此具有區域性與選擇性，始終受特定社會條件隨時制約著，易言之，世間並無一成不變的因果「真理」。

#美国社会学会杰出职业生涯奖得主经典之作，博采众学科之长，揭示社会转型的本质！ — 内容简介 — 小威廉·休厄尔以兼顾历史学、社会学和人类学的思考著称。《历史的逻辑》认为，只有把历史学家对时间性的复杂理解与社会学家深刻的理论思考结合起来，才能催生出令人满意的社会理论。在本书中，他透露了这种结合可能是怎样的形态，也展现了如此结合能为哪些议题提供指引，以及此举将如何影响历史学和社会学这两个不同的学科。本书于2008年荣获美国社会学学会理论分会杰出理论图书奖。 — 编辑推荐 — 作为美国社会学会比较历史社会学分会首位杰出职业生涯奖得主，作者小威廉·休厄尔在职业生涯中亲身经历了新社会史运动、文化转向、语言学转向等学界重大事件，亦在诸多社会科学学科之间深耕、立著，试图建立不同学科之间的有效对话，以对学术界及全球化和新自由主义的现实有所反思。本书就是休厄尔的这种跨学科身份和关怀的最佳体现。本书不仅开启了历史学、社会学、人类学等学科间的前沿理论对话，更以众多研究实例展示了这种学科“破壁”的可能性。休厄尔在本书中提出的“三种时间性”，更是成为今天历史学与社会学的跨学科产物——历史社会学的理论指引。 — 学者评论 — 《历史的逻辑》发起了历史学家和社会学家关于社会理论的讨论，展现了历史学家对于当前的理论讨论所能发挥的重要贡献。由当下最具影响力、最广受尊敬的历史学家著成的这本书，将会成为我们时代的思想史的一部分。 ——米谢勒·拉蒙，哈佛大学社会学教授、美国社会学学会前任主席 根据小威廉·休厄尔的说法，如果“事件”是“关键性地转变了结构的日常发生的、数量相对稀少的子集”，那么《历史的逻辑》的问世无疑是一个事件。他对不同社会科学专业的知识和文化的惊人涉猎，使他能建立新颖而卓越的连接。历史学与社会理论的关系由此进入新的阶段。 ——谢里·奥特纳，加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校人类学教授 这无疑是一部杰出的作品。《历史的逻辑》将为未来讨论社会转型的本质、历史学与社会科学间的关系设定新的理论讨论议程。 ——基思·贝克，斯坦福大学历史学教授 任何一门社会科学，都需要在历史的深度内充分发挥社会学的想象力，在理论的对话中构筑出一个好故事。 史学出身的小威廉·休厄尔，生长于结构功能论与历史社会学并生的浪潮下，他对事件与结构的独到解析，亦能促使我们反思中国本土语境中的个人、关系与社会。《历史的逻辑》一书告诉我们，只有历史学家们打破缄默，彻底审视并且重整从社会科学借鉴的理论，我们才能发展出历史学和社会科学共同追求的、洞悉这个时刻变动的世界的学说。 ——严飞，清华大学社会学教授 对这本书的最佳肯定，也许来自作者休厄尔荣获的美国社会学学会比较历史社会学分会首次颁发的杰出职业生涯奖（2020年）。休厄尔对社会、结构、文化、事件和时间性等基础概念的解答，为社会学家带来了基于历史学的不同思考。读者既能看到休厄尔以抽丝剥茧的方式解读理论名著，又能看到他以哲学人类学的方式将理论难题一步步展开为日用实践，还能读到他从历史经验作品中归纳与反思理论。这本书是多面的、综合的，也是多彩的，值得对历史学、社会学、人类学等议题有兴趣的读者品读。 ——孙宇凡，公众号“Sociological理论大缸”创办人

Drawing on more than four decades of experience as a researcher and teacher, Howard Becker now brings to students and researchers the many valuable techniques he has learned. Tricks of the Trade will help students learn how to think about research projects. Assisted by Becker's sage advice, students can make better sense of their research and simultaneously generate fresh ideas on where to look next for new data. The tricks cover four broad areas of social science: the creation of the "imagery" to guide research; methods of "sampling" to generate maximum variety in the data; the development of "concepts" to organize findings; and the use of "logical" methods to explore systematically the implications of what is found. Becker's advice ranges from simple tricks such as changing an interview question from "Why?" to "How?" (as a way of getting people to talk without asking for a justification) to more technical tricks such as how to manipulate truth tables. Becker has extracted these tricks from a variety of fields such as art history, anthropology, sociology, literature, and philosophy; and his dazzling variety of references ranges from James Agee to Ludwig Wittgenstein. Becker finds the common principles that lie behind good social science work, principles that apply to both quantitative and qualitative research. He offers practical advice, ideas students can apply to their data with the confidence that they will return with something they hadn't thought of before. Like Writing for Social Scientists, Tricks of the Trade will bring aid and comfort to generations of students. Written in the informal, accessible style for which Becker is known, this book will be an essential resource for students in a wide variety of fields. "An instant classic. . . . Becker's stories and reflections make a great book, one that will find its way into the hands of a great many social scientists, and as with everything he writes, it is lively and accessible, a joy to read."—Charles Ragin, Northwestern University

All new PhD's hope that their dissertations can become books. But a dissertation is written for a committee, and a book for the world. William Germano's From Dissertation to Book is the essential guide for academic writers who want to revise a doctoral thesis for publication. The author of Getting It Published, Germano draws upon his extensive experience in academic publishing to provide writers with a state-of-the-art view of how to turn a dissertation into a manuscript that publishers will notice. Acknowledging first that not all theses can become books, Germano shows how some dissertations might have a better life as one or more journal articles or as chapters in a newly conceived book. But even dissertations strong enough to be published as books first need to become book manuscripts, and at the heart of From Dissertation to Book is the idea that revising the dissertation is a fundamental process of adapting from one genre of writing to another. Germano offers clear guidance on how to do just this. Writers will find advice on such topics as rethinking the table of contents, taming runaway footnotes, shaping chapter length, and confronting the limitations of jargon, alongside helpful timetables for light or heavy revision. With crisp directives, engaging examples, and a sympathetic eye for the foibles of academic writing, From Dissertation to Book reveals to recent PhD's the process of careful and thoughtful revision - a truly invaluable skill as they grow into their new roles as professional writers.

In 1963, Howard S. Becker gave a lecture about deviance, challenging the then-conventional definition that deviance was inherently criminal and abnormal and arguing that instead, deviance was better understood as a function of labeling. At the end of his lecture, a distinguished colleague standing at the back of the room, puffing a cigar, looked at Becker quizzically and asked, “What about murder? Isn’t that really deviant?” It sounded like Becker had been backed into a corner. Becker, however, wasn’t defeated! Reasonable people, he countered, differ over whether certain killings are murder or justified homicide, and these differences vary depending on what kinds of people did the killing. In What About Mozart? What About Murder?, Becker uses this example, along with many others, to demonstrate the different ways to study society, one that uses carefully investigated, specific cases and another that relies on speculation and on what he calls “killer questions,” aimed at taking down an opponent by citing invented cases. Becker draws on a lifetime of sociological research and wisdom to show, in helpful detail, how to use a variety of kinds of cases to build sociological knowledge. With his trademark conversational flair and informal, personal perspective Becker provides a guide that researchers can use to produce general sociological knowledge through case studies. He champions research that has enough data to go beyond guesswork and urges researchers to avoid what he calls “skeleton cases,” which use fictional stories that pose as scientific evidence. Using his long career as a backdrop, Becker delivers a winning book that will surely change the way scholars in many fields approach their research.