本书对20—21世纪当代元伦理学中的主要论证和论题，提供了一个极具可读性的批判性概述。从G. E. 摩尔的著作开始，到最近自然主义与非自然主义、认知主义与非认知主义之间的各种争论，米勒追溯了当代元伦理学研究的发展历程。 该书探讨了元伦理学领域中所有核心理论和观念：从摩尔对伦理自然主义的批评、A. J. 艾耶尔的情绪主义和西蒙·布莱克本的准实在论，到关于道德真理的反实在论最佳意见解释以及“康奈尔派实在论者”的非还原论自然主义。在第2版中，米勒不仅全面修订和更新了原先的进阶阅读指南，还新增了关于理查德·乔伊斯的变革虚构主义与马克·卡尔德隆的诠释虚构主义两节重要内容。 对关注当代元伦理学的学生、教师和职业哲学家来说，该书第2版仍是必备书。

Metaphysics asks questions about existence: for example, do numbers really exist? Metametaphysics asks questions about metaphysics: for example, do its questions have determinate answers? If so, are these answers deep and important, or are they merely a matter of how we use words? What is the proper methodology for their resolution? These questions have received a heightened degree of attention lately with new varieties of ontological deflationism and pluralism challenging the kind of realism that has become orthodoxy in contemporary analytic metaphysics. This volume concerns the status and ambitions of metaphysics as a discipline. It brings together many of the central figures in the debate with their most recent work on the semantics, epistemology, and methodology of metaphysics.

本书由三部分构成：冯·赖特写的“传略”，马尔康姆写的“回忆”，马尔康姆收到的维特根斯坦来信的全文以及注释。马尔康姆是维特根斯坦的学生和挚友。这部书对研究维特根斯坦的生活和思想有重要的帮助。

现代逻辑起源于19与20世纪之交人类对于数学基础问题的思考。其早期发展无疑是对人类理性事业的重大推动。弗雷格概念文字、希尔伯特公理系统、塔斯基真定义、哥德尔完备性与不完备性定理、图灵机对机械可计算的刻画等成果不仅让人类对数学基础有了全新的理解，孕育了现代计算机科学，还促成了分析哲学的崛起，由此深刻地改变了哲学研究的样貌。 此后的数理逻辑越来越陷入高度的技术化与专业化，并渐渐淡出公众、哲学家甚至其他领域数学家的视野。然而，无论是数学基础问题还是一般的哲学问题都仍然呼唤着哲学与逻辑的再度携手。杨睿之*的《作为哲学的数理逻辑/逻辑与形而上学教科书系列》试图将经过演变与发展的数理逻辑与哲学重新介绍给对方，让哲学工作者或爱好者快速正确地理解当代数理逻辑的主要工作，也让逻辑学工作者或学生了解与他们的工作有关的哲学上的关切。

For 30 years, Quine, a dominant figure in logical theory and philosophy of logic, has combined insights in methodology, language, epistemology, and ontology, to blur the boundaries of speculative metaphysics and natural sciences. This revised text contains two new essays with replies from Quine.

These nine essays are largely concerned with the theory of meaning and references—semantics. At the same time adjacent portions of phil osophy and logic are discussed. To the existence of what objects may a given scientific theory be said to be committed? And what considerations may suitably guide us in accepting or revising such ontological commitments? These are among the questions dealt with in this book, particular attention being devoted to the role of abstract entities in mathematics. There is speculation on the mechanism whereby objects of one sort or another come to be posited a process in which the notion of identity plays an important part.

内容提要 本卷包括两部论著：《威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因自传》（1986）和《数理逻辑》（1940）。前者是蒯因为“在世哲学家文库”《蒯因哲学》卷所写的简明自传；后者是蒯因的一部重要的逻辑著作，在其中，他仍然坚持逻辑主义纲领，试图从逻辑中推导出数学，把先前在《数理逻辑的新基础》（1937）一文中提出的NF系统，修改为ML系统，这是一个把命题逻辑、量化理论和集合论集为一身的系统，结构简明、特性奇异。 目录 威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因自传 数理逻辑 导言 第一章 句子 1 合取、析取和否定 2 条件句 3 多重复合 4 使用和谈论 5 谈论句子的句子 6 准引语 7 括号与黑点 8 归约为三个初始联结词 9 归约为一个初始联结词 10 重言式 11 某些重言的形式 第二章 量化 12 量词 13 公式 14 约束、自由、闭包 15 量化的公理 16 定理 17 元定理 18 等值代换 19 存在量词 20 量词的分配 21 字母变体 第三章 项 22 类和分子 23 逻辑公式 24 抽离 25 等同 26 再论抽离 27 摹状词和名字 第四章 关于类的进一步理论 28 层次 29 更进一步的从属关系公理 30 等同可代入性 31 变元的代入 32 进一步的结果 33 逻辑积、和、补 34 包含 35 单类 第五章 关系 36 对和关系 37 关系的抽离 38 逆、象、关系积 39 祖先 40 函数 41 函数的抽离 42 作为关系的等同和从属 第六章 数 43 零、一、后继 44 自然数 45 可数集合 46 有穷的和无穷的 47 关系的幂 48 算术和、积、幂 …… 第七章 句法 附录 参考文献 人名索引 主题词索引

In this re-titled and substantially revised update of his Classical Philosophy (2003), Christopher Shields expands his coverage to include the Hellenistic era, and now offers an introduction to more than 1,000 years of ancient philosophy. From Thales and other Pre-Socratics through Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and on to Epicureanism, Stoicism, and Scepticism, Ancient Philosophy traces the important connections between these periods and individuals without losing sight of the novelties and dynamics unique to each. The coverage of Plato and Aristotle also has been expanded. It now includes, for example, updated coverage of Plato's allegories of the cave and the divided line and the metaphor of the sun as well as features of Plato's epistemology. Shields also adds new discussion on Aristotle's theory of virtue and his approach to the Socratic problem of akrasia , or weakness of will. In terms of its structure, Ancient Philosophy is presented so that each philosophical position receives: (1) a brief introduction, (2) a sympathetic review of its principal motivations and primary supporting arguments, and (3) a short assessment, inviting readers to evaluate its plausibility. The result is a book that brings the ancient arguments to life, making the introduction truly contemporary. It will serve as both a first stop and a well visited resource for any student of the subject. Ancient Philosophy offers a vivid picture of the ideas that flourished at philosophy's long birth and considers their relevance, both to the historical development of the Western philosophical tradition, and to philosophy today.

本书沿着罗素留下的历史线索全面深入地评述了本世纪以来西方哲学各流派的观点及其争端，并恰当地将作者本人的观点贯穿其中。

第一场：2006年6月17日下午 第二场：2006年6月17日晚上 第三场：2006年6月19日下午 第四场：答学生问（2006年6月19日晚上） 〔附录〕：会议论文 邓晓芒：在哲学与哲学史之间——黑格尔哲学史方法的意义 叶 峰：从“先天综合判断”问题看哲学史与哲学研究的关系 朱志方：哲学不是哲学史 张志林：如何做哲学？——兼论哲学与哲学史的关系 程 炼：哲学史作为哲学的真子部分（提纲） 徐 明：哲学不是离开哲学问题的哲学史 邓安庆：哲学的历史性与时代性——重新思考“哲学史就是哲学”这一命题的意义 赵 林：西方哲学的形而上学根基 何卫平：对黑格尔的哲学与哲学史的关系学说的再认识——参照西方现代解释学的立场和观点 彭富春：论无原则的批判

《命名与必然性》讲述事物是怎样被命名的？这取决于名称的起源和历史，而不取决于被命名对象的偶然特性。丘吉尔之被命名为“丘吉尔”，不是因其本人的种种特性，而是因其父母的命名以及从此别人这样称呼他而建立的历史传递链条。这就是作者的历史的、因果的命名理论。哲学史上向来认为，凡先验的都是必然的，凡后验的均为偶然的。作者却指出，先验之于必然一如认识论之于形而上学，不仅有后验必然的知识，还有先验偶然的知识。这就是作者向传统理论提出严重挑战的先验偶然和后验必然的理论。

If there is such a thing as essential reading in metaphysics or in philosophy of language, this is it. Ever since the publication of its original version, Naming and Necessity has had great and increasing influence. It redirected philosophical attention to neglected questions of natural and metaphysical necessity and to the connections between these and theories of reference, in particular of naming, and of identity. From a critique of the dominant tendency to assimilate names to descriptions and more generally to treat their reference as a function of their Fregean sense, surprisingly deep and widespread consequences may be drawn. The largely discredited distinction between accidental and essential properties, both of individual things (including people) and of kinds of things, is revived. So is a consequent view of science as what seeks out the essences of natural kinds. Traditional objections to such views are dealt with by sharpening distinctions between epistemic and metaphysical necessity; in particular by the startling admission of necessary a posteriori truths. From these, in particular from identity statements using rigid designators whether of things or of kinds, further remarkable consequences are drawn for the natures of things, of people, and of kinds; strong objections follow, for example to identity versions of materialism as a theory of the mind. This seminal work, to which today's thriving essentialist metaphysics largely owes its impetus, is here published with a substantial new Preface by the author.

Epistemology is an accessible and indispensable volume for undergraduates studying philosophy. * Essential introduction to epistemology, a field of fundamental philosophical importance * Offers concise and well-written synopses of different epistemological debates and concerns