人类学
规则的悖论 Douban Goodreads
The Utopia of Rules: On Technology, Stupidity, and the Secret Joys of Bureaucracy
★ 9.1 (32 ratings) author: 大卫·格雷伯 translator: 倪谦谦 publishing house: 中信出版社 2023 - 4
从职称评审、抵押贷款,到申请办公设备甚至出行购票的流程,五花八门的规定可以让我们填写无数张表格,在流程的提交与退回中反复摩擦,当每天的生活从填表开始,我们不禁困惑:真的需要这么多流程吗?
人类学家大卫•格雷伯犀利道出真相,在本书的三篇论文中分别从暴力、技术与理性的角度揭开制造愚蠢规则的根源,更挑明人们离不开它的真实原因。但知道这一切并不让人悲观,因为格雷伯也坚定地指出了被忽略的终极规则:世界是由我们创造的,而我们有能力改造它。
本书挑战那些不合理的规章制度,旨在引发人们关于现代生活的讨论:我们能否走出规则的乌托邦,想象一个更美好的未来?
May 28, 2023 read
时刻让你觉得“你知道你在讲什么吗”后一页就让人感叹“这个人真的是知道自己在讲什么”的书,而且举重若轻地联系起了好多我自己研究项目的零碎发现……!真的是天妒英才……
人类学 美国
Addiction by Design Douban Goodreads
author: Natasha Dow Schüll publishing house: Princeton University Press 2012 - 9
Recent decades have seen a dramatic shift away from social forms of gambling played around roulette wheels and card tables to solitary gambling at electronic terminals. Addiction by Design takes readers into the intriguing world of machine gambling, an increasingly popular and absorbing form of play that blurs the line between human and machine, compulsion and control, risk and reward. Drawing on fifteen years of field research in Las Vegas, anthropologist Natasha Dow Schll shows how the mechanical rhythm of electronic gambling pulls players into a trancelike state they call the "machine zone," in which daily worries, social demands, and even bodily awareness fade away. Once in the zone, gambling addicts play not to win but simply to keep playing, for as long as possible--even at the cost of physical and economic exhaustion. In continuous machine play, gamblers seek to lose themselves while the gambling industry seeks profit. Schll describes the strategic calculations behind game algorithms and machine ergonomics, casino architecture and "ambience management," player tracking and cash access systems--all designed to meet the market's desire for maximum "time on device." Her account moves from casino floors into gamblers' everyday lives, from gambling industry conventions and Gamblers Anonymous meetings to regulatory debates over whether addiction to gambling machines stems from the consumer, the product, or the interplay between the two. Addiction by Design is a compelling inquiry into the intensifying traffic between people and machines of chance, offering clues to some of the broader anxieties and predicaments of contemporary life.
Jan. 18, 2022 read
很好看!很好地把对空间、电子系统和成瘾者的交互表现了出来,有些人说过时,但实际上我非常能在她的分析中看到玩手游抽卡的自己……另外感觉并不是特别人类学,即便考虑到为吸引读者的平实化处理,也更像社会学一点(看她引文也能看出线索)。主要依靠两组数据:1)成瘾者;2)博览会参会者,中间的人大多略过了有点可惜;最后讲医学化的几个章节有意思但是多依靠公开材料。
人类学 社会学 美国
运气的诱饵 Douban Goodreads
Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas
★ 8.7 (32 ratings) author: [美] 娜塔莎·道·舒尔 translator: 李奇 publishing house: 民主与建设出版社 2021 - 12
凭借近二十年的深入田野工作和人类学家的辛辣眼光,作者一层层地呈现了博彩行业、赌博者个体和现代社会基本理念的全景:
·赌博业为不断盈利并掌控消费者,精益求精地研究方方面面细节:机器算法、道路形制、室内灯光、屏幕角度、取款手段、会员追踪技术乃至急救措施……
·背负着生活压力、身心病痛、情感变故的赌博者,为何又如何一步步深陷赌博机营造的迷幻境地不可自拔,哪怕他们就是赌场雇员甚至赌博机设计师;
·一个个原子化现代个体在“全权为自己负责”的无尽重压下,面对购物、运动、聊天、刷剧、烟酒、药物、加班等万事万物时,都可能无力抵抗诱惑,而戒赌的方法和陷入赌瘾的途径,乃是同一条路……
罪过与惩罚 Douban
author: 朱晓阳 publishing house: 天津古籍出版社 2003 - 1
一个普通村庄最近六十多年的历史:惩罚社会学一个个案研究。
本书讲述了滇池东岸一个村庄的故事,是一部以人类学田野调查为基础的学术专著。本书的一个主题是讲述“故事”——发生在小村的越轨和惩罚活动;并阐释这些活动在时间流中的动态及其与特定条件和特定行动者的联系。另一个主题则是解释惩罚在特定社会语境中的文化意义。
瓜亚基印第安人编年史 Douban
Chronique des indiens Guayaki
★ 9.0 (35 ratings) author: [法]皮埃尔·克拉斯特 translator: 陆归野 publishing house: 上海人民出版社 2021 - 9
★ 比肩《忧郁的热带》,击败时间的民族志书写
★ 作者师从法国国宝级人类学家克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯
★ 美国当代小说大师保罗·奥斯特翻译本书英文版并作序推荐
我相信,你简直无法不爱上这本书。
作者写作时的慎重与耐心,观察之犀利,其中的幽默,思维之严谨与书中的悲悯——这些 品质相得益彰,共同造就了这部重要又令人难忘的著作。这是一个人经历的真实故事,提出的都是最根本性的问题:一个人类学家是如何得知信息的,两种文化之间会进行什么样的交易,人们会在什么样的情况下保守秘密?
在为我们刻画这个未知的文明时,克拉斯特的写作带着优秀小说家的狡黠。他对细节的关注一丝不苟、无比精确;而他那种将自己的思想融汇为胆大又自洽的论点的能力往往令人称奇。他是那种极为少见的、毫不犹豫就采取第一人称写作的学者,而最终的成果不仅仅是一幅他所研究的民族的肖像,也是一幅他本人的自画像。
—— 保罗·奥斯特
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与南美丛林中最后的食人部落一同生活,见证出生、成年、婚配、死亡、节日、祭祀……
浸入瓜亚基人的生活与头脑,真挚发问:
人类能不能放弃追求一切,告别惶惶不可终日,
拒绝屈服权力,也拒绝过度生产,更从容、自由、坚定地生活,摆脱外部世界的束缚?
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瓜亚基人,一群生活在巴拉圭密林中的印第安人。他们以打猎、采集为生,有自己的语言、风俗与社会制度。16世纪起,西方殖民者和当地居民一道,不断占领、吞食他们生活的领地,他们躲避、抗争、流亡、被“安置”……到了20世纪60年代末,这个部落的人口已不足三十。
1963年,本书作者、法国人类学家皮埃尔·克拉斯特在瓜亚基人被安置于定居点后进入了这个部落,与他们一同生活,对他们在生育、死亡、饮食、求偶、部落管理、性向认同、劳动分工等方面进行了细致入微的观察和书写。
在书中,克拉斯特直面瓜亚基人的残忍、习俗之状况,以及他们缓慢的衰亡。这是一种充满人情味的民族志书写,情感充溢全篇:克拉斯特于瓜亚基人一同经历了生育、成年、死亡与逃亡;它也是一种客观的民族志,摈弃了一切道德偏见:面对瓜亚基人的吃人风俗,卡拉斯特并没有止步于猎奇与惊叹,而给予他们最大程度的理解。
法国著名哲学家吉尔·德勒兹面对这部作品,感叹道:“这本奇妙的著作标志了一种新型民族学的开端:它富于感性、积极于行动,又充满政治性;它是‘种族大屠杀’一词彻底的对立面。”
Nov. 16, 2021 read
好久没读这么“传统”的人类学的书了
人类学 法国
Aramis, or the Love of Technology Douban
author: Bruno Latour publishing house: Harvard University Press 1996 - 4
Frankenstein's monster was born of human endeavour and 19th-century ignominious end but provided many lessons during his 24 years of plans and prototypes. Aramis, the guided-transportation system intended for Paris, represented a major advance in "personal rapid transit" - a system that combined the efficiency of a subway with the flexibility of the private automobile. But in the end, the system of electronic couplings proved too complex and expensive, the political will failed, and the plans were jettisoned in 1987. The story of Aramis, of its birth and death, is told here by several different parties, none of which is given precedence over any other: an engineer and his professor, who together act as "detectives" to ferret out the reasons for the project's failure; company executives and elected officials; a sociologist; and finally Aramis itself, who delivers a passionate plea on behalf of technological innovations that risk being abandoned by their makers. Technology has needs and desires, especially a desire to be born, but cannot function without the sustained commitment of those who have created it. Part novel and part sociological study, Bruno Latour has written a tale of a technological dream gone wrong. As the young engineer and professor follow Aramis's trail - conducting interviews, analyzing documents, assessing the evidence - perspectives keep shifting: the truth is revealed as multilayered, unascertainable, comprising an array of possibilities worthy of "Rasbomon". The reader is eventually led to see the project from the point of view of Aramis, and along the way gains insight into the relationship between human beings and their technological creations.
Oct. 13, 2020 read 我以为自己会很喜欢,毕竟既是用ANT研究技术又是研究一个失败的技术项目。但结果看得头太大了,越看越晕。之后重读好了……
人类学 社会学 STS
弱者的武器 Google Books Douban Goodreads
Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance
★ 7.9 (27 ratings) author: [美国] 詹姆斯·C·斯科特 translator: 郑广怀 / 张敏 … publishing house: 译林出版社 2007 - 1
简介:
作者通过对马来西亚农民反抗的日常形式——偷懒、装糊涂、开小差、假装顺从、偷盗、装傻卖呆、诽谤、纵火、暗中破坏等的探究,揭示出农民与榨取他们的劳动、食物、税收、租金和利益者之间的持续不断的斗争的社会学根源。作者认为,农民利用心照不宣的理解和非正式的网络,以低姿态的反抗技术进行自卫性的消耗战,用坚定强韧的努力对抗无法抗拒的不平等,以避免公开反抗的集体风险。
导读:
一部可能成为经典的令人难忘之作。
——《泰晤士报文学副刊》
任何想要了解东南亚农民社会的人都不能错过此书。
——《亚洲研究杂志》
一部卓越的著作……斯科特以其出色的工作展示了人种学报告不能也无法呈现的农民反抗外来侵犯的“全貌”……是对反抗霸权的日常形式的精彩理论和经验阐释。
——爱德华·W.萨义德
前言:
前 言
任何研究领域的局限性在与其相关研究的共有定义中最能突显出来。大量的关于农民的近期研究——包括我本人的和其他人的——都关注反抗与革命的问题。平心而论,除了关于亲属关系、仪式、耕作和语言方面一贯的标准民族志描述之外,更多的关注集中于有组织的、大规模的抗议运动,因为它们尽管只是昙花一现,却显然对国家造成了威胁。我可以想到对此类运动重要性的共有理解得以盛行的原因在于一系列相互强化的因素。对左派而言,对农民起义的过度关注显然受到越战和现在已经开始消退的左翼学术界对民族解放战争的迷恋的刺激。绝对以国家利益为中心的历史记录和档案鼓励了这种迷恋,它们从不提及农民,除非农民的行动对国家构成威胁。另一方面,农民只是作为征召、粮食生产、税收等方面的匿名“贡献者”出现在统计数字中。这种视角下的每项研究强调了不同的侧面。一些研究只能是强调外来者——预言家、激进知识分子、政党——在动员通常懒散、无组织的农民的过程中的角色。另一些研究关注的只是西方社会科学家最为熟悉那些运动——那些拥有名称、旗帜、组织机构和正式领导阶层的运动。还有一些研究,只是在精确考察那些可能在国家层面推动大规模的、结构性变迁的运动方面有所贡献。
我认为,这种视角所忽视的是这样一个简单的事实:贯穿于大部分历史过程的大多数从属阶级极少能从事公开的、有组织的政治行动,那对他们来说过于奢侈。换言之,这类运动即使不是自取灭亡,也是过于危险的。即使当选择存在时,同一目标能否用不同的策略来实现也是不清楚的。毕竟,大多数从属阶级对改变宏大的国家结构和法律缺乏兴趣,他们更关注的是霍布斯鲍姆所称的“使制度的不利……降至最低”。正式的、组织化的政治活动,即使是秘密的和革命性的,也是典型地为中产阶级和知识分子所拥有;在这一领域寻找农民政治大半会徒劳无功。并非偶然,这也是走向结论的第一步:农民阶级在政治上是无效的,除非他们被外来者组织和领导。
就其真正发生时的重要性而言,农民叛乱是相当稀少的——更不用说农民革命了。它们大多被轻而易举地粉碎,即使非常罕见地成功了,令人悲哀的是其达到的结果也很少是农民真正想要的。无论是哪种革命的成功——我并不想否认这些成果——通常都会导致一个更大的更具强制力的国家机器,它比其前任更有效地压榨农民以养肥自己。
鉴于上述原因,对我而言更为重要的是去理解可以称为农民反抗的“日常”形式的斗争——农民与试图从他们身上榨取劳动、食物、税收、租金和利益的那些人之间平淡无奇却持续不断的斗争。此类斗争的大多数形式避免了公开的集体反抗的风险。在此我能想到的这些相对的弱势群体的日常武器有:偷懒、装糊涂、开小差、假装顺从、偷盗、装傻卖呆、诽谤、纵火、暗中破坏等等。这些布莱希特式——或帅克式——的阶级斗争形式有其共同特点。它们几乎不需要协调或计划,它们利用心照不宣的理解和非正式的网络,通常表现为一种个体的自助形式,它们避免直接地、象征性地与权威对抗。了解这些平凡的反抗形式就是理解农民长期以来为保护自己的利益对抗或保守或进步的秩序所作的大多数努力。我猜想长期以来正是这类反抗最有意义和最有成效。因而,研究封建主义的历史学家布洛赫指出,相对于“农村社区顽强进行的坚韧的、沉默的斗争”而言,伟大的千年运动也只是“昙花一现”;这类斗争旨在避免对他们的生产剩余的索要和维护他们对生产资料——如耕地、林场、牧场等的所有权。这一观点肯定也适用于对新大陆奴隶制的研究。对奴隶与其主人关系的分析不能仅仅去寻找纳特·特纳或约翰·布朗式罕见的、英雄主义的、注定失败的举动,而必须着眼于围绕工作、食物、自主权、仪式的持续不断的琐碎的冲突——即反抗的日常形式。在第三世界,农民很少会在税收、耕作模式、发展政策或繁琐的新法律等问题上去冒险与当局直接对抗;他们更可能通过不合作、偷懒和欺骗去蚕食这些政策。他们宁愿一点一点地挤占土地而不是直接侵占土地;他们选择开小差而不是公开发动兵变,他们宁可小偷小摸也不去抢公共的或私人的粮仓。而一旦农民不再使用这些策略而是采取堂吉诃德式的行动,这通常是大规模铤而走险的信号。
这种低姿态的反抗技术与农民的社会结构非常适合——农民阶级分散在农村中,缺乏正式的组织,最适合于大范围的游击式的自卫性的消耗战。他们的行动拖沓和逃跑等个体行动被古老的民众反抗文化所强化,成千上万地累积起来,最终会使得在首都的那些自以为是的官员所构想的政策完全无法推行。反抗的日常形式不需要名目。但是,就像成百上千万的珊瑚虫形成的珊瑚礁一样,大量的农民反抗与不合作行动造就了他们特有的政治和经济的暗礁。在很大程度上,农民以这种方式表明了其政治参与感。打个比方说,当国家的航船搁浅于这些暗礁时,人们通常只注意船只失事本身,而没有看到正是这些微不足道的行动的大量聚集才使失事成为可能。仅此而言,理解这些无声的匿名的农民行动的颠覆性就是十分重要的。
为了这样一个目标,我在马来西亚的一个村庄里度过了两年(1978—1980)时间。这个村庄被我称为塞达卡,这并不是它的真名。它是吉打州水稻主产区一个以种植水稻为主的小村落(有70户人家),该村在1972年开始引入双耕。与其他许多“绿色革命”一样,它使得富人更为富有,而穷人仍然贫穷甚至变得更穷。1976年大型联合收割机的引进或许更是致命的一击,它使得小土地所有者和无地劳动者失去了三分之二挣工资的机会。在这两年当中,我设法收集了大量的相关资料。我在关注反抗实践本身的同时也关注村庄内的意识形态斗争——它为反抗写就了脚本。在本书中,我试图讨论反抗和阶级斗争的重大主题,以及赋予这些主题以实践和理论意义的意识形态支配问题。
在塞达卡,贫富之间的斗争不仅是关于工作、财产权、粮食和金钱的斗争,它也是关于占有象征符号的斗争,是有关过去和现在如何被理解和被分类的斗争,是确认理由、评价过失的斗争,也是赋予地方历史党派意义的斗争性努力。这一斗争的细节并不光彩,通常包括背后诽谤、流言蜚语、人身攻击、给人起绰号、肢体语言和无声的蔑视等,这些大部分都局限在村庄生活的“后台”。而在公共生活中——亦即在负载权力的情境中——经过精心算计的遵从是普遍和经常的状态。阶级冲突的这一方面的显著特征是它在多大程度上需要一个共享的世界观。例如,如果没有关于什么是越轨、什么是可耻和无礼的共同标准,那么任何流言蜚语和人身攻击就是毫无意义的。在一定意义上,争论的强烈程度基于这样的事实:人们所主张的共享价值观遭到背离。人们争论的不是价值观本身,而是这些价值观适用的事实:谁富、谁穷、何以致富、何以贫穷、谁吝啬、谁逃避工作等。这些斗争除了可以视做动员社会舆论的约束性力量以外,还可视为这一小共同体中穷人为抗拒他们所遭受的经济和仪式上的边缘化并坚持最低限度的公民的文化尊严而进行的努力。这种视角含蓄地肯定了“以意义为中心”的阶级关系分析的价值。在本书最后一章,我将就更广泛的意识形态支配和霸权问题进行说明和探讨。
在塞达卡度过的14个月中,我有时兴高采烈,有时万分沮丧,有时手足无措,有时辛苦乏味,这些是每个人类学家都能够体会到的。由于我并非正式的人类学家,因而所有这些经验对我来说都是全新的。如果没有贝利给予我的实用的田野研究讲座,我将不知如何去做。即使是在这些明智的建议的指引下,我仍然对人类学家从早上起床到晚上入睡一直处于工作状态的基本事实缺乏准备。在最初的几个月里,我去室外活动大半没有目的而是为了自己独处。我发现需要保持一种审慎的中立——亦即保持缄默,这是明智的,但同时也是巨大的心理负担。随着我自己的“隐藏的文本”(参见第七章)的增多,我首次认识到琼·杜韦格纳德的评论的正确性:“在多数情况下,村庄会向外来研究者做出让步,而研究者通常求助于隐藏。”我同样发现邻居们总是原谅我难免犯的错误,在每一点上容忍我的好奇心,他们对我的不适当行为并不在意,并允许我在他们身边工作。他们有着既嘲笑我同时又与我友好相处的非凡能力,他们具备划分界限的尊严和勇气,他们善于社交,经常在非收获季节就感兴趣的话题与我彻夜长谈。他们的友善表明,相对于我适应他们来说,他们更好地适应了我。和他们在一起的时光对我的生活和工作的意义是言辞的感谢不足以表达的。
尽管我努力删减原稿,但它依然很长。主要原因在于许多特定故事的讲述对于揭示阶级关系的结构和实践是绝对重要的。既然每个故事都至少有两面,因而有必要考虑社会冲突所产生的“罗生门效应”的存在。努力讲述这些故事的另外一个原因在于,要将一种贴近底层的阶级关系的研究提升到一个相当的高度。我认为这些更为宏观的思考需要有血有肉的详细实例来呈现本质。因而,一个实例不仅是将一般概括具体化的最成功途径,而且它具有比归纳出的原则更为丰富和复杂的优势。
在马来语很难直译的地方,或马来语表达本身很有意思的地方,我都将其加在正文或脚注里。除了对那些外来者所做的正式演讲,我从不使用磁带录音机进行记录。我的工作是依靠谈话时片断的笔记或事后马上进行追记来完成的。由于许多句子中只有一些更容易记住的片断可以忆起,结果使得我所记录的马来语有某种类似电报的性质。刚到时,我听不懂吉打州农村的方言,相当多的村民用他们在市场上所用的更简单的马来语对我说话。
我觉得,本书的写作还有一个特殊缘由。与其他乡村研究相比,它更多是研究对象的产物。在我开始研究时,我的想法是展开我的分析,将研究写出来,并准备一个关于我的发现的简短的口头版本,然后回到村民中去收集他们对此的反应、意见和批评。这些反应将收集在最后一章——作为“村民的回应”的部分,或者,如果你愿意,也可以将其视为那些应该知晓本书内容的人所做的“书评”。事实上,在塞达卡的最后两个月中,我的确花了更多的时间用于从大多数村民中收集这些意见。在各种各样的评论中——这些评论通常反映了评论者的阶级立场——充满着一系列针对我所忽视问题的富于洞见的批评、修正和建议。所有这些在改变原有分析的同时也提出了一个问题。我是否应该将我较早的愚钝的分析交给读者而只在最后才呈现村民提出的见解呢?这是我最初的想法,而当我动笔时,我发现把我现在已经知道的当做不知道来写是不可能的,于是我逐步把这些洞见融入到我自己的分析中。其结果就是去理解在何种程度上塞达卡的村民既是形成分析的原因,也是研究的原始素材,并因此使得那些复杂的谈话更像是一种独白。
最后,我要强调这是一个非常自觉的地方阶级关系的研究。这意味着农民—国家关系显然存在大量反抗,会明显缺席,除非它们影响了地方的阶级关系。这也意味着那些在任何政治危机中都相当重要的族群冲突、宗教运动或抗议也基本上没有被涉及。本书也不去分析这里所考察的细微阶级关系的经济起源,这些源头不难一直追溯到纽约和东京的董事会议上。这还意味着处于省或国家层面的正式的政党政治也将被忽略。从一个角度看,所有这些省略都很可惜。但从另一个角度看,这里的努力是要表明地方阶级关系是多么重要、多么丰富和复杂,还表明不以国家、正式组织、公开抗议、民族问题为中心的分析视角将给我们带来的潜在发现。
下面这些过于冗长的谢辞意在表明为了进行研究我必须学习的许多东西,同时也表明那些教导我的人的耐心和大度。对于塞达卡的那些家庭——出于显而易见的原因他们的名字被隐去——我所欠甚多,这笔债之所以沉重,原因在于我所写的内容让不只一个人感到他们的友好被滥用了。当然,对一个专业的外来者而言,那是一种人性的困境,而我只能期待他们将会发现我是以诚实的努力和自己有限的学识来公正地对待我的所见所闻的。
我的接待单位是位于槟榔屿州的马来西亚理科大学(Universiti Sains Malaysia)比较社会科学院。作为客人或学者,我是非常幸运的。我要特别感谢学院的Mansor Marican,Chandra Muzaffar,Mohd Shadli Abdullah,Cheah Boon Kheng,Khoo Kay Jin,Colin Abraham及副校长兼院长Kamal Salih和院长助理Amir Hussin Baharuddin,感谢他们的建议和友善。Nafisah bte. Mohamed作为吉打州方言的特别辅导老师,帮助我为田野工作进行准备。马来西亚理科大学政策研究中心对吉打州的穆达工程和与之相关的农业政策进行了许多出色的研究。该中心的Lim Teck Ghee 和David Gibbons不仅帮助我制订研究计划,而且还成为我弥足珍贵的朋友和批评者,他们的功劳在书中随处可见——即使在我决定自行其是的时候。我还要感谢Sukur Kasim,Harun Din,Ikmal Said,George Elliston,当然还有中心主任K. J. Ratnam。位于亚罗士打附近Teluk Chengai的穆达地区农业发展局总部的官员们总是非常慷慨地贡献他们的时间、他们的统计数据,尤其是他们的丰富经验。任何发展项目中要找到这样一些有知识、严格而坦率的官员都不是件容易的事。Affifuddin Haji Omar和S. Jegatheesan,以及时任穆达地区农业发展局总经理的Datuk Tamin Yeop,都给予了很多帮助。
与我的研究路径互有交叉、对马来西亚乡村社会进行研究并著述的“无形学院”的成员们,对于我的理解和分析贡献良多。由于他们人数众多,我无疑会有所遗漏。他们中的一些人或许宁愿不被提及,而我还是必须提到这样一些名字,他们是Syed Husin Ali,Wan Zawawi Ibrahim,Shaharil Talib,Jomo Sundaram,Wan Hashim,Rosemary Barnard,Aihwa Ong,Shamsul Amri Baharuddin,Diana Wong,Donald Nonini,William Roff,Judith 以及 Shuichi Nagata,Lim Mah Hui,Marie*9鄄André Couillard,Rodelfe de Koninck,Lorraine Corner和Akira Takahashi。两位来耶鲁做毕业论文的马来西亚理科大学的教师Mansor Haji Othman和S. Ahmad Hussein给我提出了重要的建议和批评。最后,我要特别感谢东京发展经济学研究所的健三掘井的慷慨,他在1968年对塞达卡的土地所有制进行了研究并得出可以利用的结果,如此我才能确定十年间的变化究竟意味着什么。
最后的手稿在同事们细致的批评指正下有了很大改观。我忍痛割爱,不再争论那些他们认为荒谬或无关紧要——或两者兼有——的论题,同时增加了他们认为必要的历史性和分析性的内容。即使我拒绝他们的看法,我也总是尽量通过加强或改变我的立场来减少直接的攻击。然而,到此为止吧。如果他们一直完全坚持他们的看法,我还愿意继续修改,并努力调整他们无意造成的混乱。我迫不及待地要回报他们的厚爱。感谢Ben Anderson,Michael Adas,Clive Kessler,Sam Popkin(对,就是他),Mansor Haji Othman,Lim Teck Ghee,David Gibbons,Georg Elwert,Edward Friedman,Frances Fox Piven,Jan Gross,Jonathan Rieder,Diana Wong,Ben Kerkvliet,Bill Kelly,Vivienne Shue,Gerald Jaynes和Bob Harms。还有一些未留下姓名的人,他们同意甚至请求阅读原稿,或许他们看过其中的一些篇章,却给予了重新的思考。他们知道他们是谁。不好意思!
自1978年以来,许多机构的资助使得我和这项研究事业得以持续。我要特别感谢约翰·西蒙·古根海姆纪念基金会(John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation)、国家科学基金(批准号SOC 7802756)和耶鲁大学对我在马来西亚研究的支持。最近,由麻省理工学院“科学、技术与社会项目”授予的埃克森基金(Exxon Fellowship)使本书的最终草稿和大多数修订工作得以完成。Carl Kaysen容忍了我对书稿倾注过多的精力,并且与Martin Kreiger,Kenneth Kenniston, Charles Weiner, Peter Buck, Loren Graham, Carla Kirmani, Leo Marx和Emma Rothschild一起,帮助我保持智识上的收获。由日本大阪的国家民族学博物馆主办、Shigeharu Tanabe和Andrew Turton安排的“东南亚的历史与农民意识”研讨会,有助于使我的观点更加明晰。由社会科学研究委员会帮助组织的在海牙社会研究所举行的另一个有着更多争论的工作讨论会,对本书第七章有关反抗的分析起了重要的作用。尽管我不清楚这两次会议的参与者是否完全认同我所提出的论点,但他们至少应该知道他们的著述和批评对本书具有何等重要的价值。
应当感谢的还有下列对本书早期的部分内容给予发表的出版物:《国际政治科学评论》(1973年10月);《东南亚的历史与农民意识》(Andrew Turton和Shigeharo Tanabe编,“山崎民族学研究”第13期;大阪:国家民族学博物馆,1984);《政治人类学》(1982);《马来西亚研究》1:1(1983年6月,马来文)。
本书的出版倾注了许多打字员、排版员和编辑的心血,他们高兴地看到这一出自他们之手的书稿。其中我特别要感谢的是Beverly Apothaker,Kay Mansfield和Ruth Muessig出色的工作。
本书与我的家庭生活的相互交融已经足以免除任何通常在此要说的常规套话。在此我可以说,尽管我努力了,但从未能够哪怕稍微让路易丝和孩子们相信,他们也在为我写作本书出力。
Feb. 16, 2020 read
一不小心把斯科特的主要作品都读了一圈,感觉他其实倒是一路走来风格和论点都很统一。只不过我并不觉得这本书有多让人信服,最后一章对葛兰西的批判似乎也有点怪,霸权并非代表subordinate对统治阶级意识形态的全盘接受吧……
社会学 人类学 美国
The Art of Not Being Governed Douban Goodreads Skybridge
author: James C. Scott publishing house: Yale University Press 2009 - 9 other title: The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia
For two thousand years the disparate groups that now reside in Zomia (a mountainous region the size of Europe that consists of portions of seven Asian countries) have fled the projects of the organized state societies that surround them?slavery, conscription, taxes, corvée labor, epidemics, and warfare. This book, essentially an ?anarchist history,? is the first-ever examination of the huge literature on state-making whose author evaluates why people would deliberately and reactively remain stateless. Among the strategies employed by the people of Zomia to remain stateless are physical dispersion in rugged terrain; agricultural practices that enhance mobility; pliable ethnic identities; devotion to prophetic, millenarian leaders; and maintenance of a largely oral culture that allows them to reinvent their histories and genealogies as they move between and around states.
In accessible language, James Scott, recognized worldwide as an eminent authority in Southeast Asian, peasant, and agrarian studies, tells the story of the peoples of Zomia and their unlikely odyssey in search of self-determination. He redefines our views on Asian politics, history, demographics, and even our fundamental ideas about what constitutes civilization, and challenges us with a radically different approach to history that presents events from the perspective of stateless peoples and redefines state-making as a form of ?internal colonialism.? This new perspective requires a radical reevaluation of the civilizational narratives of the lowland states. Scott?s work on Zomia represents a new way to think of area studies that will be applicable to other runaway, fugitive, and marooned communities, be they Gypsies, Cossacks, tribes fleeing slave raiders, Marsh Arabs, or San-Bushmen.
Jan. 30, 2020 read
就也还好?对国家扩张以及各种手段看见并控制人与社会的论点早就不新鲜了,对infrastructure和technology的强调似乎也没啥。我最大的疑问在于他似乎在做一个因果推断但是历史的证据实际上非常薄弱;而且实在太玫瑰色了……
人类学 社会学 政治学 美国
Seeing Like a State Douban Goodreads Skybridge
author: James C. Scott publishing house: Yale University Press 1999 - 2 other title: Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed
Compulsory ujamaa villages in Tanzania, collectivization in Russia, Le Corbusier's urban planning theory realized in Brasilia, the Great Leap Forward in China, agricultural "modernization" in the Tropics -- the twentieth century has been racked by grand utopian schemes that have inadvertently brought death and disruption to millions. Why do well-intentioned plans for improving the human condition go tragically awry? In this wide-ranging and original book, James C. Scott analyzes failed cases of large-scale authoritarian plans in a variety of fields. Centrally managed social plans misfire, Scott argues, when they impose schematic visions that do violence to complex interdependencies that are not -- and cannot -- be fully understood. Further, the success of designs for social organization depends upon the recognition that local, practical knowledge is as important as formal, epistemic knowledge. The author builds a persuasive case against "development theory" and imperialistic state planning that disregards the values, desires, and objections of its subjects. He identifies and discusses four conditions common to all planning disasters: administrative ordering of nature and society by the state; a "high-modernist ideology" that places confidence in the ability of science to improve every aspect of human life; a willingness to use authoritarian state power to effect large-scale interventions; and a prostrate civil society that cannot effectively resist such plans. "A broad-ranging, theoretically important, and empirically grounded treatment of the modern state and its propensity to simplify and make legible a society which by nature is complex and opaque. For anyone interested inlearning about this fundamental tension of modernity and about the destruction wrought in the twentieth century as a consequence of the dominant development ideology of the simplifying state, this is a must-read". -- Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, author of Hitler's Willing Executioners
We Have Never Been Modern Douban
★ 9.0 (6 ratings) author: Bruno Latour translator: Catherine Porter publishing house: Harvard University Press 1993 - 10
With the rise of science, we moderns believe, the world changed irrevocably, separating us forever from our primitive, premodern ancestors. But if we were to let go of this fond conviction, Bruno Latour asks, what would the world look like? His book, an anthropology of science, shows us how much of modernity is actually a matter of faith. What does it mean to be modern? What difference does the scientific method make? The difference, Latour explains, is in our careful distinctions between nature and society, between human and thing, distinctions that our benighted ancestors, in their world of alchemy, astrology, and phrenology, never made. But alongside this purifying practice that defines modernity, there exists another seemingly contrary one: the construction of systems that mix politics, science, technology, and nature. The ozone debate is such a hybrid, in Latour's analysis, as are global warming, deforestation, even the idea of black holes. As these hybrids proliferate, the prospect of keeping nature and culture in their separate mental chambers becomes overwhelming--and rather than try, Latour suggests, we should rethink our distinctions, rethink the definition and constitution of modernity itself. His book offers a new explanation of science that finally recognizes the connections between nature and culture--and so, between our culture and others, past and present. Nothing short of a reworking of our mental landscape. "We Have Never Been Modern" blurs the boundaries among science, the humanities, and the social sciences to enhance understanding on all sides. A summation of the work of one of the most influential and provocative interpreters of science, it aims at saving what is good and valuable in modernity and replacing the rest with a broader, fairer, and finer sense of possibility.
July 10, 2019 read
My only problem is his definition of modernity. Other than that this is a brilliant book.
社会学 人类学 STS 法国
A Life Beyond Boundaries Douban
★ 9.1 (9 ratings) author: Benedict Anderson publishing house: Verso 2016 - 4
An intellectual memoir by the author of the acclaimed Imagined Communities
Benedict Anderson is one of the leading historians of nationalism and Southeast Asia. His seminal book Imagined Commu-nities has changed the way we think about the reason why people live, die and kill in the name of nation-hood.
Born in China, Anderson spent his childhood in California and Ireland, was educated in England and finally found a home at Cornell University, where he immersed himself in the growing field of Southeast Asian studies. After field work in Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines, he was banned from Suharto’s Indonesia for disputing the legitimacy of the 1965 coup. In his memoir, he brings to life the intellectual formation of a life spent open to the world, resisting the easy comforts of imagined homes: the joys of learning languages; the importance of field work; the influence of the New Left upon global think-ing; and the satisfactions of teaching.
Radiation Brain Moms and Citizen Scientists Douban
author: Aya Hirata Kimura publishing house: Duke University Press 2016
Following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant disaster in 2011 many concerned citizens—particularly mothers—were unconvinced by the Japanese government’s assurances that the country’s food supply was safe. They took matters into their own hands, collecting their own scientific data that revealed radiation-contaminated food. In Radiation Brain Moms and Citizen Scientists Aya Hirata Kimura shows how, instead of being praised for their concern about their communities’ health and safety, they faced stiff social sanctions, which dismissed their results by attributing them to the work of irrational and rumor-spreading women who lacked scientific knowledge. These citizen scientists were unsuccessful at gaining political traction, as they were constrained by neoliberal and traditional gender ideologies that dictated how private citizens—especially women—should act. By highlighting the challenges these citizen scientists faced, Kimura provides insights into the complicated relationship between science, foodways, gender, and politics in post-Fukushima Japan and beyond.
Infectious Change Douban
author: Katherine Mason publishing house: Stanford University Press 2016 - 5
In February 2003, a Chinese physician crossed the border between mainland China and Hong Kong, spreading Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)—a novel flu-like virus—to over a dozen international hotel guests. SARS went on to kill about 800 people and sicken 8,000 worldwide. By July 2003 the disease had disappeared, but it left an indelible change on public health in China. The Chinese public health system, once famous for its grassroots, low-technology approach, was transformed into a globally-oriented, research-based, scientific endeavor.
In Infectious Change, Katherine A. Mason investigates local Chinese public health institutions in Southeastern China, examining how the outbreak of SARS re-imagined public health as a professionalized, biomedicalized, and technological machine—one that frequently failed to serve the Chinese people. Mason recounts the rapid transformation as young, highly trained biomedical scientists flooded into local public health institutions, replacing bureaucratic government inspectors who had dominated the field for decades. Infectious Change grapples with how public health in China was reinvented into a prestigious profession in which global impact and recognition were paramount—and service to vulnerable local communities was secondary.
Feb. 7, 2019 read
感觉都认识好多她采访的人……但很多东西和我的经验都是相冲突的。对公卫和临床的关系也描述的太简单了,好像是公卫不屑于和人家一起混似的——实际上权力关系到底如何,到底谁羡慕谁,背后有什么职业和权力的斗争都没有太多涉猎,非常可惜。关心“素质”、“关系”、“流动人口”真的是又有时代感又有学科差异感……
人类学 公共卫生 中国 医学 社会学
Purity and Danger Douban
author: Mary Douglas publishing house: Routledge 2002 - 11
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Mary Douglas is a central figure within British social anthropology. Studying under Evans-Pritchard at Oxford immediately after the war, she formed part of the group of anthropologists who established social anthropology's standing in the world of scholarship. Her works, spanning the second half of the twentieth century, have been widely read and her theories applied across the social sciences and humanities.
Jan. 28, 2019 read
还是很喜欢看对分类/秩序讨论的书的。我觉得这个本书的好在于超越了结构主义对单纯二元分类的讨论,突出了二元之间甚至之外的混乱作为分析对象的潜力。
人类学 英国
Saving Babies? Douban
author: Timmermans, Stefan; Buchbinder, Mara; publishing house: University of Chicago Press 2012 - 12
It has been close to six decades since Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA and more than ten years since the human genome was decoded. Today, through the collection and analysis of a small blood sample, every baby born in the United States is screened for more than fifty genetic disorders. Though the early detection of these abnormalities can potentially save lives, the test also has a high percentage of false positives - inaccurate results that can take a brutal emotional toll on parents before they are corrected. Now some doctors are questioning whether the benefits of these screenings outweigh the stress and pain they sometimes produce. In "Saving Babies?" Stefan Timmermans and Mara Buchbinder evaluate the consequences and benefits of state-mandated newborn screening - and the larger policy questions they raise about the inherent inequalities in American medical care that limit the effectiveness of this potentially lifesaving technology. Drawing on observations and interviews with families, doctors, and policy actors, Timmermans and Buchbinder have given us the first ethnographic study of how parents and geneticists resolve the many uncertainties in screening newborns. Ideal for scholars of medicine, public health, and public policy, this book is destined to become a classic in its field.
Metrics Douban
author: Vincanne Adams publishing house: Duke University Press 2016 - 3
This volume's contributors evaluate the accomplishments, limits, and consequences of using quantitative metrics in global health. Whether analyzing maternal mortality rates, the relationships between political goals and metrics data, or the links between health outcomes and a program's fiscal support, the contributors question the ability of metrics to solve global health problems. They capture a moment when global health scholars and practitioners must evaluate the potential effectiveness and pitfalls of different metrics—even as they remain elusive and problematic.
Contributors. Vincanne Adams, Susan Erikson, Molly Hales, Pierre Minn, Adeola Oni-Orisan, Carolyn Smith-Morris, Marlee Tichenor, Lily Walkover, Claire L. Wendland
The Gay Archipelago Douban
author: Tom Boellstorff publishing house: Princeton University Press 2005
* * Winner of the 2005 Ruth Benedict Prize, Society for Lesbian and Gay Anthropologists, American Anthropological Association * *
The Gay Archipelago is the first book-length exploration of the lives of gay men in Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous nation and home to more Muslims than any other country. Based on a range of field methods, it explores how Indonesian gay and lesbian identities are shaped by nationalism and globalization. Yet the case of gay and lesbian Indonesians also compels us to ask more fundamental questions about how we decide when two things are "the same" or "different." The book thus examines the possibilities of an "archipelagic" perspective on sameness and difference.
Tom Boellstorff examines the history of homosexuality in Indonesia, and then turns to how gay and lesbian identities are lived in everyday Indonesian life, from questions of love, desire, and romance to the places where gay men and lesbian women meet. He also explores the roles of mass media, the state, and marriage in gay and lesbian identities.
The Gay Archipelago is unusual in taking the whole nation-state of Indonesia as its subject, rather than the ethnic groups usually studied by anthropologists. It is by looking at the nation in cultural terms, not just political terms, that identities like those of gay and lesbian Indonesians become visible and understandable. In doing so, this book addresses questions of sexuality, mass media, nationalism, and modernity with implications throughout Southeast Asia and beyond.
Queer/Tongzhi China Douban
author: Elisabeth L. Engebretsen publishing house: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 2015 - 6
This book brings together some of the most exciting, original and cuttingedge work being conducted on contemporary queer China. The volume includes original essays by some of the most prolific and central queer activists and artists in the PRC, placing their writing alongside work by emergent and established scholars from a variety of disciplines and backgrounds. The book offers unique perspectives by presenting primary accounts of the creative and multi-faceted strategies that activists and community organizers have developed in their various activities. The volume also presents rich, empirical evidence of every-day queer lives across China, offering a unique record not only of cosmopolitan community and activist perspectives but also of voices and experiences from a broad range of locations and identifications. As a whole it offers invaluable insights into sexual and gender diversity in China today. Queer/Tongzhi China thus breathes as it speaks, providing through its diverse approaches a different understanding of queer China than standard mono-ethnographies or social-scientific documentaries.
Feb. 3, 2018 read
虽然了解一般都是activist并不是学者所以期待不能太高,但很多文章无论是方法还是结论都还是挺让人无语的…当故事会看吧…魏和富的文章在这里面都算出类拔萃了。
性别研究 中国 同性恋 社会学 人类学