This groundbreaking work of scholarship explores convergences between performance and science through an investigation of new technologies that drive computer-mediated, interactive art. Wide-ranging and richly illustrated essays uncover shifts that have occurred globally in the aesthetic understanding of performance within computer-augmented virtual and networked environments.

In Techniques of the Observer Jonathan Crary provides a dramatically new perspective on the visual culture of the nineteenth century, reassessing problems of both visual modernism and social modernity.Inverting conventional approaches, Crary considers the problem of visuality not through the study of art works and images, but by analyzing the historical construction of the observer. He insists that the problems of vision are inseparable from the operation of social power and examines how, beginning in the 1820s, the observer became the site of new discourses and practices that situated vision within the body as a physiological event. Alongside the sudden appearance of physiological optics, Crary points out, theories and models of "subjective vision" were developed that gave the observer a new autonomy and productivity while simultaneously allowing new forms of control and standardization of vision.Crary examines a range of diverse work in philosophy, in the empirical sciences, and in the elements of an emerging mass visual culture. He discusses at length the significance of optical apparatuses such as the stereoscope and of precinematic devices, detailing how they were the product of new physiological knowledge. He also shows how these forms of mass culture, usually labeled as "realist," were in fact based on abstract models of vision, and he suggests that mimetic or perspectival notions of vision and representation were initially abandoned in the first half of the nineteenth century within a variety of powerful institutions and discourses, well before the modernist painting of the 1870s and 1880s.Jonathan Crary is Assistant Professor of Art History at Barnard College and Columbia University. He is a founding editor of Zone and Zone Books.

Before the Renaissance and Reformation, holy images were treated not as "art" but as objects of veneration which possessed the tangible presence of the Holy. In this book, Hans Belting traces the long history of the sacral image and its changing role in European culture. It looks at the beliefs, superstitions, hopes, and fears that come into play as people handle and respond to sacred images, and presents a compelling interpretation of the place of the image in Western history.

Between life and the art that imitates it is a vague, more shadowy category: images that exist autonomously. Pygmalion's mythical sculpture, which magnanimous gods endowed with life after he fell in love with it, marks perhaps the first such instance in Western art history of an image that exists on its own terms, rather than simply imitating something (or someone) else. In "The Pygmalion Effect", Victor I. Stoichita delivers this living image - as well as its many avatars over the centuries - from the long shadow cast by art that merely replicates reality.Stoichita traces the reverberations of Ovid's founding myth from ancient times through the advent of cinema. Emphasizing its erotic origins, he locates echoes of this famous fable in everything from legendary incarnations of Helen of Troy to surrealist painting to photographs of both sculpture and people artfully posed to simulate statues. But it was only with the invention of moving pictures, Stoichita argues, that the modern age found a fitting embodiment of the Pygmalion story's influence. Concluding with an analysis of Alfred Hitchcock films that focuses on Kim Novak's double persona in Vertigo, "The Pygmalion Effect" illuminates the fluctuating connections that link aesthetics, magic, and technical skill. In the process, it sheds new light on a mysterious world of living artifacts that, until now, has occupied a dark and little-understood realm in the history of Western image making.

In archaic and classical Greece, statues played a constant role in people's religious, political, economic, aesthetic, and mental lives. Evidence of many kinds demonstrates that ancient Greeks thought about - and interacted with - statues in ways very different from our own. This book recovers ancient thinking about statues by approaching them through contemporary literary sources. It not only shows that ancient viewers conceived of images as more operative than aesthetic, but additionally reveals how poets and philosophers found in sculpture a practice 'good to think with.'Deborah Tarn Steiner considers how Greek authors used images to ponder the relation of a copy to an original and of external appearance to inner reality. For these writers, a sculpture could straddle life and death, encode desire, or occasion reflection on their own act of producing a text. Many of the same sources also reveal how thinking about statues was reflected in the objects' everyday treatment. Viewing representations of gods and heroes as vessels hosting a living force, worshippers ritually washed, clothed, and fed them in order to elicit the numinous presence within. By reading the plastic and verbal sources together, this book offers new insights into classical texts while illuminating the practices surrounding the design, manufacture, and deployment of ancient images. Its argument that images are properly objects of cultural and social - rather than purely aesthetic - study will attract art historians, cultural historians, and anthropologists, as well as classicists.

编辑推荐 1.艺术入门经典，改变西方几代人的观看方式。1972年，由约翰•伯格主导的电视系列片《观看之道》在英国BBC播出，这个节目改变了西方一整个时代的观看方式，本书即是与之相配套的同名图文书。《观看之道》所普及的观念，是普通读者了解和观看西方艺术的重要手段，本书既是艺术欣赏入门经典，同时，它论及机械复制时代的艺术品、女性作为被观看对象、油画传统、广告与资本主义等部分的内容，亦是相关领域研究者的必读文本。 2.收录艺术史经典名作两百余幅，当代最伟大的艺术评论家权威解读。约翰•伯格是英国艺术史家、小说家、公共知识分子、画家，从1952年起，就开始为New Statesman撰稿，并迅速成为英国当代最有影响力的艺术批评家，本书精选艺术经典名作两百余幅，由约翰•伯格权威解读，精装再版，值得收藏。 内容简介 观看先于言语。观看确立了我们在周围世界的地位。他人的视线与我们的相结合，使我们确信自己置身于这可观看的世界之中。而当图像终于取代文字，充斥于视线所及的一切空间，我们又该如何观看而不致再度迷失？ 本书论及机械复制时代的艺术品、女性作为被观看对象、油画传统、广告与资本主义等方面，配以两百余幅经典图像，与BBC同名纪录片一起，改变了西方一整个世代的观看方式，也必将适用于如今大大小小的手机屏幕和街边广告牌。从对视觉文化的深入探索和普及的角度而言，本书亦可与贡布里希爵士最杰出的著作互为补充。 名人推荐 我尊崇并热爱约翰•伯格的作品。他为世间真正重要之事写作，而非随性所至。在当代英语作家中，我奉他为翘楚；自劳伦斯以来，再无人像伯格这般关注感觉世界，并赋之以良心的紧迫性。他是一位杰出的艺术家与思想者。论诗意，他或许稍逊劳伦斯；但他更机敏、更关注公共价值，风度气节亦胜一筹。他是一位杰出的艺术家与思想者。 ——苏珊•桑塔格 他不倦的窥探并非仅仅指向摄影与绘画，而是“观看”的诡谲。在我们可能涉及的有关观看的文献中，很难找到如此引人入胜的文字，这些文字有效化解了古典绘画被专业史论设置的高贵藩篱，也使照片摆脱过多的影像理论，还原为亲切的视觉读物。阅读伯格，会随时触动读者内心极为相似的诧异与经验，并使我们的同情心提升为良知。 ——陈丹青 撇开意识形态立场不谈，伯格目前在几个领域里都是不可不读的大家。例如艺术理论和艺术史，你能不看《观看之道》和《毕加索的成败》吗？假如你研究摄影，你能不读他的《另一种讲述的方式》吗？假如你喜欢当代英语文学，你一定会在主要的书评刊物读到其他人评介他的新小说。更妙的是，他随便写一篇谈动物的文章，也被人认为是新兴的文化研究领域“动物研究”的奠基文献之一。综合起来看，他就和苏珊•桑塔格一样，是那种最有原创力也最有影响力的公共知识分子；虽然不在学院，也不按学院的格式写作，却创造出了很多名牌大学教授一辈子也弄不出来的观念。而且他还要写得那么美，拥有那么多读者。反过来说，今天我们中国也很流行讲“公共知识分子”，但很惭愧，我们似乎还没有人及得上伯格这一流，还没有谁会有这样的知识上的创造力。 ——梁文道

约翰·伯格被誉为20世纪摄影领域最有原创性的评论家之一。他的文章，如同瓦尔特·本雅明的《摄影小史》、珊·桑塔格的《论摄影》和罗兰·巴特的《明室》一样，启发了一代又一代爱好摄影的普通读者、摄影师和像他一样“写摄影”的人。 《理解一张照片：约翰·伯格论摄影》是伯格过去五十年“写摄影”的文章精华，由英国国宝级作家杰夫·戴尔悉心编选。本书以时间为序，不仅全面收录了伯格最有影响力的摄影名篇，如《摄影的使用》《外观》《故事》等，也将此前未见收录的、他为展览或图册撰写的评论纳入其中，其中涉及的人物极其广泛，从摄影大师奥古斯特·桑德、亨利·卡蒂埃-布列松、尤金·史密斯，到至今仍在活跃的摄影师伊特卡·汉泽洛娃、阿拉姆·谢卜利。很大程度上，这24篇文章代表了约翰·伯格有关摄影之写作的最高水准。

在线阅读本书 From Adonis and images of St. Sebastian to James Dean and Calvin Klein models, beautiful boys have been quietly admired since the beginning of time. While most agree that women have been treated and depicted as sex objects, Germaine Greer's sensational thesis is that the erotic charge of male imagery has been rigorously repressed throughout history. Men and women alike have been blind to the sensuality and flirtatiousness found in images of boys, as well as to the many depictions of female bodies based on the juvenile male-from Michelangelo's female figures to waif like supermodels. This iconic ideal of male physical beauty is revealed in hundreds of dazzling images by the world's greatest artists and photographers. The Kritios boy, Caravaggio's Love Triumphant, Larry Clark's Oklahoma City, Nijinsky in "L'Apres-Midi d'un Faune," Cellini's Narcissus, Donatello's David, Thomas Eakins' young swimmers, and many other examples, provide striking evidence that the models of today- with their wide shoulders and narrow hips-echo the boyish ideal.

-编辑推荐- •本书是近二十年来，视觉研究方法领域的权威著作。就它企图对研究视觉材料的各式各样的方法进行全面而系统的讨论和评价而言，本书依然独一无二。 •本书第3版，增加了对受众研究、民族志、照片文档、照片引谈、摄影小品，以及视觉伦理研究等视觉方法的讨论，展示了视觉研究及其方法的不断发展的本质。 •书中穿插的大量关于数字媒体的内容，亦是新版的一大亮点。 -内容简介- 本书坚定地专注于研究方法而不是媒体。书中的主体章节，每一章都会讨论一种可用于诠释视觉材料的方法，而每一章要用何种视觉材料来探究这种方法，则取决于它是否最能体现这种方法的步骤、长处和不足。本书要做的就是深度探讨每一种方法。 第1章是对用来理解视觉文化各种不同理论方法的概览，同时也探究了一些关于无处不在的数字影像所造成的差异问题。 在第2章中，作者精心制作了一个指导读者使用她提出的“批判性视觉方法论”的实用性框架。 第3章详细解释了本书的结构，这将有助于读者从随后讨论方法的章节中有所斩获。 从第4章到第10章均专注于处理既有影像的方法，如内容分析、符号学、精神分析和话语分析等。 第11章比前一版更为细致地专注于另外一些研究视觉影像的方法，这些方法旨在处理为解答研究的问题而制作的视觉影像。 视觉伦理学是第3版中全新的一章。研究活动中的伦理学关乎研究者的行为。它关注他们研究中自身的诚实和坚定性，以及他们正在与什么材料，或跟谁一起展开研究如此这般的关系问题。

就对艺术的刺激与影响而言，约翰·析格的《观看之道》是罕有匹故的。这本谈论艺术与社会之关系的小册子初版于1972年，基于英国BBC同名电视系列片写成。全书包括7篇文章，其中4篇，图文并用；其余3篇，纯用影像。每篇文章讨论一个主题，诸如：艺术与政治，女性作为观看的对象，油画自身的矛盾以及广告与资本主义白日梦。30多年来，这本书激起的争论历久不衰，其观点几成此一领域的常识。

作者将日常生活、通俗文化、意识形态和大众传媒作为主要的切人点，重新考察中国社会一个多世纪的现代化进程，尤其是20世纪80年代以来的视觉现代性及其狂欢性的爆发。本书从视觉哲学、视觉历史、视觉社会学和视觉政治学等角度，融合了传播学、社会理论、文化史、性别研究、后殖民理论、政治经济学等学科框架，多方面探讨视觉文化与中国现代意识生成之间的关系，分析的对象包括摄影、印刷、电影、电视、互联网、产外广告、博览会、奥运会、大型景观等各类视觉媒介与视觉现象。笔者希望做一个当代视觉文化的“游荡者”，从看似不相关和琐碎的文化现象与事件中，扒梳现代性文化的表征与逻辑，对现当代中国传媒文化中的各种视觉文化现象进行批判性分析，以图从特定的角度揭示现代化进程中中国人的精神特质、思维方式、意识形态和集体想象，为现代性研究、中国近代文化变迁研究和当代通俗文化研究提供新的理论洞见和案例分析。

Allen Ellenzweig traces the male gaze upon men as captured by the camera throughout the history of photography. More than one hundred striking, provocative duotone photographs reflect a wide-ranging history of photographic male homoeroticism and the spiritual, physical, and intellectual exchange among men. Accompanying these images is a detailed account of the multiple, complex meanings of the homoerotic that have taken shape from the 1850s to today. Ellenzweig situates each of his artists within their historical context, with chapters devoted to specific photographers and eras. He begins with nineteenth-century French photographer Eugène Durieu and his studies of the male nude, created under the direction of painter Eugène Delacroix. He then takes readers all the way through the rebellious 1960s and the disputes surrounding Robert Mapplethorpe's controversial retrospective in 1989 and 1990. Showing that homoeroticism in photography is anything but a contemporary invention, Ellenzweig unites photographers across the stylistic spectrum within a theme that came to inspire a host of larger spiritual, physical, and intellectual ideals.

Casting aside the traditional conception of film as an outgrowth of photography, theater, and the novel, the essays in this volume reassess the relationship between the emergence of film and the broader culture of modernity. Contributors, leading scholars in film and cultural studies, link the popularity of cinema in the late nineteenth century to emerging cultural phenomena such as window shopping, mail-order catalogs, and wax museums.

This Reader brings together, for the first time, key writings about the nineteenth century, a key period in contemporary discussion of visual culture. Exploring such topics as photographs, exhibitions and advertising the editors suggest that 'modernity' rather than 'modernism' is a valuable way of understanding the changes particular to the visual culture of the time, and they investigate a variety of nineteenth-century images, technologies and visual experiences. With three specially-written essays about definitions of visual culture as an object of study, the book examines genealogies and introduces key writings about culture from writers living in the nineteenth century itself or from those who scrutinized its visual culture from early in the twentieth century such as Walter Benjamin and Siegfried Kracauer. The Nineteenth Century Visual Culture Reader is organized around key themes: * technologies of vision * practices of display and the circulation of images * cities and the built environment * visual representations of the past# * visual representations of catagories of racial, sexual and social differences * spatial configurations of inside and out, private and public. Selections include well-known authors and new research by younger scholars to produce a well-balanced and comprehensive collection.

本书的关注点可以说是视觉文化的中心议题——图像与观看，作者将观看的理论与历史纳入客观世界图像形式的变迁之中，在涉及面极广的论题下搭建起成熟而严密的阐释结构。技术的演进和观看之道的相互影响与促进使人们开始关注这个本来作为人类最直接而简单的感官反应背后的意义。无可否认，各种媒介的介入使图像以更迅猛的速度冲击着人们的生活，不光是艺术史范畴内视觉的变革，日常生活中的图像也在深刻地改变着人类的思维模式和行为方式。作者立足时代背景，通过对观看背后的各种机制与理论的分析，结合丰赡的例证和图像资料，精彩地完成了国人对视觉文化理论研究的一次尝试。

-编辑推荐- ★1970年代艺术史酝酿新的变革之际，布列逊创作了“新艺术史三部曲”，本书正是其中的第二部，它于1983年问世后，对学术界产生了深远的影响。 ★通过这三部惊世之作，布列逊史无前例地将“法国理论”引入艺术史研究，为艺术史研究注入了新的活力。 ★在本书中，布列逊大胆地批判了贡布里希的“感知论”，也就是“一个对绘画符号的物质本质予以认可，但尚未深入理论化的过渡性美学”。 ★借助《七柏图》、《溪山兰若图》、《酒神与阿里阿德涅》、《画室中的艺术家》等中外名画，布列逊再次强调绘画的社会维度，避免符号学研究的形式主义，从而走向一个“真正历史的”艺术史学科。 -内容简介- 本书涉及视觉研究和艺术史研究中的一系列重要的议题，布列逊一方面立足于艺术史的传统问题，另一方面大量借用法国新理论对问题进行重新的梳理和反思，对被视为经典或者被认为自然而然的习见给予批判性的考察，对观者与绘画的关系做了重新审视。

本书所选篇目既有雅克·拉康、让·鲍德里亚、居伊·德波等人的经典文献，又有米克·巴尔、维克多·伯金等人的最新成果，为我们提供了一幅视觉文化研究的基本地图--何谓“视觉文化研究”?这一研究的精神是什么?如果说视觉主要的功能是观看，那么，在看与被看、看与看的机器、看的主体性与他者之间又有着什么样的关系?…… 何谓“视觉文化研究”?这一研究的精神是什么?在方法上有什么样的特征?如果说视觉主要的功能是观看，那么，在看与被看、看与看的机器、看的主体性与他者之间又有着什么样的关系?围绕这些问题，本书所选篇目将给大家提供一幅基本的地图，但不是答案。其中雅克·拉康、让·鲍德里亚、居伊·德波等人的论文已经成为视觉文化研究的经典文献，而米克·巴尔、维克多·伯金等人的文字可以说代表了这一研究领域最新的成果。

In this companion volume to "Iconology", the author extends his investigation to pictures - the concrete, representational objects in which images appear. Although we have many words about pictures, Mitchell notes that we do not yet have a satisfactory theory of them. What we have is a variety of disciplines - semiotics, philosophical inquiries into representation, new departures in art history, studies in mass media - that attempt to converge on the problem of pictorial representation and visual culture. Identifying the problems inherent in the attempt to master visual representation with verbal discourse, Mitchell proposes instead to "picture theory." He looks at the way pictures function in theories about culture, consciousness, and representation, and at theory itself as a form of picturing. What precisely, he asks, are pictures (and theories about pictures) doing now , in the late 20th century, when the power of the visual is said to be greater than ever before, and the "pictorial turn" supplants the "linguistic turn" in the study of culture? Focusing on Spike Lee's "Do the Right Thing", Oliver Stone's "JFK", and television coverage of the Gulf War, he examines the capacity of visual images to awaken or stifle public debate, collective emotion, and political violence. An "applied iconology," this volume by one of America's leading theorists of visual representation offers an account of the interplay between the visible and the readable across the culture, from literature to visual art to the mass media.