英語圏の国々では現代哲学の主流であり続ける分析哲学。しかし、日本ではその存在感は薄い。その現状が「限りなく号泣状態に近いくらい悲しい」と嘆く著者による、渾身の入門書。「ある」とはどういうこと? 「知っている」とは? 「心」とは? 「物」とは? 分析という「理屈」を武器に、そしてユーモアを隠し味に、哲学的思考へとあなたをいざなう快著! (講談社選書メチエ)
現代哲学への最良の入門書、登場! 欧米では現代哲学の主潮流をなす分析哲学。その考え方の魅力を、専門用語を使わず、あくまでも日常的な話題に題材をとりながら、あますところなく語った快著。

《事件语义学引论》对事件语义学的总体发展历程和重要论题进行概览式介绍。重点介绍事件语义学新戴维森分析法，围绕事态中动词与论元的关系、动词的事件语义、个体层面谓词和阶段层面谓词、名词与事件以及事态终结性等议题，对相关重要文献进行系统性梳理和概括，深入分析和阐述相关论题，提炼出具有广泛影响力的主流观点，并辅以适量的语言实例加以阐释说明。
《事件语义学引论》适合理论语言学学习者和研究者阅读。

《哥德尔证明》是第一本既面向学者又面向非专业人士，对哥德尔证明的主要思路和广泛含义作了易读的解释的书。对任何具有逻辑和哲学品味的受过教育的人士来说，它提供了一个深入了解先前无法企及的论题的机会。
在此书的新版中，普利策奖的获奖作者道格拉斯•R·霍夫斯塔特对这一经典著作的原文进行了重新斟酌和更新，澄清了模糊之处，使论述更为清晰，并使行文更具可读性。

In 1931 Kurt Godel published his fundamental paper, "On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems". This revolutionary paper challenged certain basic assumptions underlying much research in mathematics and logic. Godel received public recognition of his work in 1951 when he was awarded the first Albert Einstein Award for achievement in the natural sciences - perhaps the highest award of its kind in the United States. The award committee described his work in mathematical logic as "one of the greatest contributions to the sciences in recent times". However, few mathematicians of the time were equipped to understand the young scholar's complex proof. Ernest Nagel and James Newman provide a readable and accessible explanation to both scholars and non-specialists of the main ideas and broad implications of Godel's discovery. It offers every educated person with a taste for logic and philosophy the chance to understand a previously difficult and inaccessible subject. Marking the 50th anniversary of the original publication of Godel's Proof, New York University Press is proud to publish this special anniversary edition of one of its bestselling and most frequently translated books. With a new introduction by Douglas R. Hofstadter, this book will appeal students, scholars, and professionals in the fields of mathematics, computer science, logic and philosophy, and science.

"Philosophical Logic" is a clear and concise critical survey of nonclassical logics of philosophical interest written by one of the world's leading authorities on the subject. After giving an overview of classical logic, John Burgess introduces five central branches of nonclassical logic (temporal, modal, conditional, relevantistic, and intuitionistic), focusing on the sometimes problematic relationship between formal apparatus and intuitive motivation. Requiring minimal background and arranged to make the more technical material optional, the book offers a choice between an overview and in-depth study, and it balances the philosophical and technical aspects of the subject. The book emphasizes the relationship between models and the traditional goal of logic, the evaluation of arguments, and critically examines apparatus and assumptions that often are taken for granted. "Philosophical Logic" provides an unusually thorough treatment of conditional logic, unifying probabilistic and model-theoretic approaches. It underscores the variety of approaches that have been taken to relevantistic and related logics, and it stresses the problem of connecting formal systems to the motivating ideas behind intuitionistic mathematics. Each chapter ends with a brief guide to further reading. "Philosophical Logic" addresses students new to logic, philosophers working in other areas, and specialists in logic, providing both a sophisticated introduction and a new synthesis.

19世纪末20世纪初，在现代数学产生初期，一些数学哲学的问题曾经困扰过当时最出色的数学家，如彭加勒、希尔伯特、布劳维尔、赫尔曼·威尔、冯·诺伊曼等。这些学者的思考与讨论为现代哲学奠定了基础。本书将介绍、分析、批评20世纪的几种主要的数学哲学思想。第一章是当代数学哲学的导论，在分析、评述各种数学哲学思想之前，都将简要地介绍那些思想的要点。第二章将介绍自然主义的基本观念及一种彻底的自然主义的数学哲学，是评述二十世纪主要数学哲学思想的哲学基础与出发点。从第三章开始，作者介绍了二十世纪几种主要的数学哲学思想，并从自然主义的角度对它们作出分析、批评。

Our outstanding ability to communicate is a distinguishing features of our species. To communicate is to convey meaning, but what is meaning? How do words combine to give us the meanings of sentences? And what makes a statement ambiguous or nonsensical? These questions and many others are addressed in Paul Elbourne's fascinating guide. He opens by asking what kinds of things the meanings of words and sentences could be: are they, for example, abstract objects or psychological entities? He then looks at how we understand a sequence of words we have never heard before; he considers to what extent the meaning of a sentence can be derived from the words it contains and how to account for the meanings that can't be; and he examines the roles played by time, place, and the shared and unshared assumptions of speakers and hearers. He looks at how language interacts with thought and the intriguing question of whether what language we speak affects the way we see the world.
Meaning, as might be expected, is far from simple. Paul Elbourne explores its complex issues in crystal clear language. He draws on approaches developed in linguistics, philosophy, and psychology -- assuming a knowledge of none of them -- in a manner that will appeal to everyone interested in this essential element of human psychology and culture.
Review:
"This is a perfect guide to what semantics is all about. The book is informative, scholarly, witty, entertaining, and funny. It doesn't shy away from hard puzzles and unsolved problems, and places semantics where it belongs: at the intersection of linguistics, logic, metaphysics, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience."
--Angelika Kratzer, University of Massachusetts at Amherst

本书是为哲学专业的研究生而写作的分析哲学教材，主要讲授分析哲学中的核心部分，即分析方法。这是一部研究型的导论，通过仔细研究主要哲学家的方法论设计思想，系统地揭示了分析方法的哲学基础，从而表明分析哲学为什么是一种值得尊重的哲学形态。本书的写作突出哲学分析方法背后的哲学洞见，力图展示高度技术性的分析形式是如何从无到有地建立起来并起作用的。本书覆盖分析哲学的早、中期阶段以及理想语言学派，重点描述分析哲学中的弗雷格传统与罗素传统的建立以及发展。除了作为高阶读者了解分析哲学的指导性读物，本书也可以充当分析哲学核心文献精读课程的辅导材料。

这是一本有原创性的著作。意义与指称问题是分析哲学乃至整个哲学的一个具有根本重要性的问题，它是哲学领域中其他问题和讨论的概念基础。长期以来，在意义理论中占统治地位的观念，都把指称解释为语言与世界中对象的关系，并据此而把意义与世界联系起来。传统观念在理论上造成一系列困难，不能解决虚构对象的名字等诸多语言现象。本书针对过去流行理论的困难，而提出一种解决方案，它力图重新解释指称概念，并由此而解释意义对指称的直接决定作用。在此方案之下，意义与世界的关系不再是一种直接的概念关系，而是一种发生学的关系。这个分析的结果同时修改了弗雷格关于意义决定指称的理论，从而确定了意义所具有的自主的性质。本书从对当代语言哲学的主流观念的分析入手，提出了对于指称问题，指称与意义的关系问题，分析性概念的性质问题，意义本身的性质问题等一系列基本的主张，这些主张建立在语言相对于世界的自主性质的基础之上。对于意义与指称概念的不同于传统的解释，引出对真理，对语言的历史发生，对语言的社会性等的重新理解。它的直接结果将使哲学中困扰人们多年的否定存在问题等等，有了不同于传统的解释的可能。

Theories of Truth provides a clear, critical introduction to one of the most difficult areas of philosophy. It surveys all of the major philosophical theories of truth, presenting the crux of the issues involved at a level accessible to nonexperts yet in a manner sufficiently detailed and original to be of value to professional scholars. Kirkham's systematic treatment and meticulous explanations of terminology ensure that readers will come away from this book with a comprehensive general understanding of one of philosophy's thorniest set of topics.Included are discussions of the correspondence, coherence, pragmatic, semantic, performative, redundancy, appraisal, and truth-as-justification theories. There are also chapters or sections of chapters on the liar paradox, three-valued logic, Field's critique of Tarski, Davidson's program, Dummett's theory of linguistic competence, satisfaction, recursion, the extension/intension distinction, and an explanation of how theories of justification, properly understood, differ from theories of truth.A persistent theme is that philosophers have too often failed to recognize that not all theories of truth are intended to answer the same question. When the various questions are made distinct, it is apparent that many of the "debates" in this field are really cases of philosophers talking past one another. There is much less disagreement within the field than has commonly been thought.Richard L. Kirkham is Visiting Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oklahoma.

该书收集了蒙太古在1960-1970年间发表的一系列文章，这些文章建立了以真值条件、模型论语义学为基础的蒙太古语义学。它致力于把在数理逻辑中发展起来的技巧，应用于自然语言语义学。

语义外在论是心灵哲学和语言哲学中最受关注也是最困难的主题之一，对我们理解社会制度和物理环境对语言和心灵的影响具有非常重要的意义。本书首先深入介绍了描述主义和指称主义的各种理论版本，尤其是对弗雷格和克里普克的相关理论做了重点的考察，随后讨论了语义外在论在研究索引性思想、认识论的怀疑论、自我知识和心灵因果关系等重大论题中的核心作用，书中对普特南的“孪生地球”论证、伯奇的“关节炎”论证和戴维森的“沼泽人”论证等著名的论证做了精彩的分析。本书内容丰富，介绍和探讨了大量名家关于语义外在论的文献，对该主题的研究提供了一份极其宝贵的“地图”.

本书详细介绍形式语义学的基本内容、主要技巧和方法，可供大学语言和语言学专业的高年级本科学生及硕士、博士生作研习、参考之用。对自然语言分析和处理感兴趣的计算机、数学、哲学、逻辑和人工智能专业的学生也可从本书中获得系统的语义学知识。在阅读此书之前，读者最好先学一门现代语言学导论课或读一本基础教科书，如Akmajian et al（1984）或Fr0瑚kin&R0d—mail（1993），也可上一门生成句法学导论课或读一本句法教科书，如Radford（1988）、徐烈炯（1988）或宋国明（1997）。如能看一下徐烈炯（1990／1996）和（1993）则更有帮助。
本书内容的取舍并非简单地照搬一些外文教科书，在章节安排上也力免陈袭他人。我们在书中注入了自己的理解和观点，并力求对汉语的语义结构做尝试性的形式化描写。故此，本书并不是一本求稳求全的教材，而是一本讨论性、探索性的论著。当然，作为导论性教科书，本书介绍的许多方面无法深入详谈，技术上也不一定代表最新最好的解决方法。我们在书中提出了问题，找到了部分答案，但是留下了更多的研究空间让读者去遨游驰骋。
第一章　语义、真值与逻辑
第一节　命题、句义和话语义
第二节　句义的信息类型
第三节　言语交际的意义层次
第四节　形式语义学的研究范围
第五节　逻辑在语义研究中的地位
第六节　几个基本的语义概念
第七节　各章　内容简介
阅读文选
第二章　逻辑演算
第一节　集合论
第二节　关系和函数
第三节　命题逻辑和真值表
第四节　谓词逻辑
第五节　逻辑证明
阅读文选
第三章　Cp系统和语义解释
第一节　部分语句系统Cp
第二节　cp的语义解释
第三节　模型与语义解释
阅读文选
第四章　对Cp系统的扩展
第一节　三种特殊句式
第二节　复句的生成和解释
第三节　逻辑否定句
第四节　语法范畴和逻辑范畴：传统语法、传统逻辑和形式逻辑的同与异
第五节　规则小结
第六节　语义解释的递归性
第七节　实例分析
阅读文选
第五章　类型论初步
第一节　再论组合性原则
第二节　逻辑语义类型
第三节　类型驱动的语句分析与生成
第四节　特征函项
第五节　类型的语义性质
第六节　ct系统
阅读文选
第六章　量词、辖域与逻辑依存
第一节　变量、约束词与量化结构
第二节　量化结构的语义解释
第三节　逻辑依存
第四节　逐指与统指
第五节　分支量词
第六节　自然语言量化句的歧义和表达
第七节　结语
阅读文选
第七章　A-转换
第一节　自然语句分析中的一些疑难现象
第二节　A-抽象和A-还原
第三节　对疑难现象的分析
……
第八章　广义量词
第九章　时间、时制与时态
第十章　对时间的量化与限制、量化类型及其三分结构
第十一章　可能世界与模态逻辑
第十二章　内涵逻辑与命题态度
第十三章　博弈论语义学
第十四章　篇章表述理论
第十五章　研习文献
附录　形式语义学经典书目
参考书目
汉英译名对照表

Moral realists maintain that morality has a distinctive subject matter. Specifically, realists maintain that moral discourse is representational, that moral sentences express moral propositions - propositions that attribute moral properties to things. Non-cognitivists, in contrast, maintain that the realist imagery associated with morality is a fiction, a reification of our non-cognitive attitudes. The thought that there is a distinctively moral subject matter is regarded as something to be debunked by philosophical reflection on the way moral discourse mediates and makes public our noncognitive attitudes. The realist fiction might be understood as a philosophical misconception of a discourse that is not fundamentally representational but whose intent is rather practical. There is, however, another way to understand the realist fiction. Perhaps the subject matter of morality is a fiction that stands in no need of debunking, but is rather the means by which our attitudes are conveyed. Perhaps moral sentences express moral propositions, just as the realist maintains, but in accepting a moral sentence competent speakers do not believe the moral proposition expressed but rather adopt the relevant non-cognitive attitudes. Non-cognitivism, in its primary sense, is a claim about moral acceptance: the acceptance of a moral sentence is not moral belief but is some other attitude. Standardly, non-cognitivism has been linked to non-factualism - the claim that the content of a moral sentence does not consist in its expressing a moral proposition. Indeed, the terms 'non-cognitivism' and 'non-factualism' have been used interchangeably. But this misses an important possibility, since moral content may be representational but the acceptance of moral sentences might not be belief in the moral proposition expressed. This possibility constitutes a novel form of non-cognitivism, moral fictionalism. Whereas non-factualists seek to debunk the realist fiction of a moral subject matter, the moral fictionalist claims that that fiction stands in no need of debunking but is the means by which the non-cognitive attitudes involved in moral acceptance are conveyed by moral utterance. Moral fictionalism is non-cognitivism without a non-representational semantics.

《范畴类型逻辑》是“哲学宗教研究系列”之一，该书分范畴类型逻辑的发展阶段、范畴类型逻辑的特性及范畴类型逻辑研究3个章节，对范畴类型逻辑作了系统全面的介绍，具体包括Lambek句法演算、蒙太格语法、范畴类型逻辑的自然语言语句系统、基于范畴类型逻辑的语法自动分析、有关汉语灵活语序的多模态范畴逻辑等。该书可供从事相关工作的人员作为参考用书使用。

《乔姆斯基：思想与理想》一书并非乔姆斯基的人生传记，而是全面客观地介绍他的思想，如天赋论、刺激贫乏论、内在语言、心智主义等。对乔姆斯基的深邃见解有的学者投以赞赏，主动加入阵营；有的横加批判，敌意尽现。至于这些争议是否允当，全凭读者评判，公道自在人心。不过，阅读本书，更触动我们的是乔姆斯基突破常规、不断创新的精神，敢于挑战自我、否定自我的魄力，以及在捍卫民众权益时表现出的知识分子的责任感和正义感。

《语义学（第2版）》是国际学术出版社英国帕尔格雷夫麦克米伦出版的现代语言学教材，以深入浅出、浅显易懂的语言，对当代形式语义学的基本概念、研究工具和研究选题进行了详细的介绍，适合对形式语义学没有任何背景的读者。每章均提供精心设计的分级练习、讨论题和延展阅读，可以帮助学生体会和巩固每章内容，了解热门语义问题，拓宽视野，并通过问题展开的形式领会和掌握语义问题的解决方法和技能，也为教师组织课上讨论提供了丰富的选择。

《道德语言》一书在现代西方伦理学，特别是现代元伦理学的发展进程中，确乎享有关键性的学术地位。为了使读者能够更好地了解本书，进而深入了解现代西方元伦理学的递嬗演变，译者拟就黑尔教授有关道德语言学方面的理论观点作为一简略导述，以求抛砾石引玉璞。《道德语言》一书，基本上代表了黑尔伦理思想的主要方面。黑尔不单就价值语言和道德语言以及它们的使用“语境”分析了道德语言、道德言谈或谈论秘具有的描述性与评价性双重特征，而且还就历史文化和教育学等方面分析了这特征的相关变化。