Between 1959 and 1989, Soviet scientists and officials made numerous attempts to network their nation—to construct a nationwide computer network. None of these attempts succeeded, and the enterprise had been abandoned by the time the Soviet Union fell apart. Meanwhile, ARPANET, the American precursor to the Internet, went online in 1969. Why did the Soviet network, with top-level scientists and patriotic incentives, fail while the American network succeeded? In How Not to Network a Nation, Benjamin Peters reverses the usual cold war dualities and argues that the American ARPANET took shape thanks to well-managed state subsidies and collaborative research environments and the Soviet network projects stumbled because of unregulated competition among self-interested institutions, bureaucrats, and others. The capitalists behaved like socialists while the socialists behaved like capitalists.
After examining the midcentury rise of cybernetics, the science of self-governing systems, and the emergence in the Soviet Union of economic cybernetics, Peters complicates this uneasy role reversal while chronicling the various Soviet attempts to build a “unified information network.” Drawing on previously unknown archival and historical materials, he focuses on the final, and most ambitious of these projects, the All-State Automated System of Management (OGAS), and its principal promoter, Viktor M. Glushkov. Peters describes the rise and fall of OGAS—its theoretical and practical reach, its vision of a national economy managed by network, the bureaucratic obstacles it encountered, and the institutional stalemate that killed it. Finally, he considers the implications of the Soviet experience for today’s networked world.
Endorsements
“Benjamin Peters’s book is not only a scintillating explanation of why the Soviet Internet failed to materialize but also a first-rate sociopolitical investigative report and a delicious tale of how Soviet efforts to manage a command economy left them without either command or an economy.”
—Todd Gitlin, Professor and Chair, PhD Program in Communications, Columbia University; author of Media Unlimited: How the Torrent of Images and Sounds Overwhelms Our Lives
“Peters offers a compelling account of the Soviet Union’s failed attempts to construct their own Internet during the Cold War period. How Not to Network a Nation fills an important gap in the Internet’s history, highlighting the ways in which generativity and openness have been essential to networked innovation.”
—Jonathan Zittrain, Professor of Law and Computer Science, Harvard University; Director, Berkman Center for Internet & Society
“As early as 1962, cybernetics experts in the Soviet Union proposed a complex, large-scale computer network. It fit with a socialist vision but not with bureaucratic politics and a faltering command economy. It was never realized, but the story sheds light both on Soviet history and on the social conditions that shape computing and communications networks. It is a previously unknown story, now elegantly told by Benjamin Peters together with a thoughtful analysis that makes the early history of computing seem full of possibilities not obvious.”
—Craig Calhoun, FBA, Director and President, London School of Economics and Political Science
Awards
Honorable Mention, 2017 PROSE Awards, History of Science, Medicine and Technology category

功过格，是一种广泛流传于中国古代民间社会的善书，它通过列举善恶行为、量化功过等抽象概念来指导人们的日常道德实践。当时的士人和官员似乎把这种方法看作一种工具，它不仅有助于改善他们个人道德，也有助于教化百姓，巩固社会秩序。
本书集中研究明清嬗变时期功过格广泛流行的社会现象，是非中文世界第一部详细探讨该问题的专著。书中既利用了大量的第一手中文研究资料，同时也吸收了酒井忠夫、吉冈义丰、奥崎裕司等日本学者的研究成果，通过功过格来考察精英阶层对于明清之际社会经济变化，诸如中央权威的腐败和低效、不断增长的商业化过程对社会的影响以及理学一统局面的瓦解等等此类时代和社会变迁问题所作出的反应。

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作者试图就一个抽象的问题做出切实的回答，即中国人是“东亚病夫”这一刻板印象是如何在19世纪和20世纪的历史长河中逐渐成型的。全书重点考察了在华医学传教士早期的医学话语和图像，正是这些话语和图像将罹患疾病的、恶疾缠身的中国人的形象——“东亚病夫”——带到了西方。同时，通过对不同案例的研究，全书还描绘了这样一个历程，即经由传教士的活动，又经由早期译介至中国的西方医学文本，最后再经由中国民族主义的文学书写本身，这些观念又最终回流至中国，同时也传播到了世界各地。作者调动文学研究、医学史、艺术史、批判理论和科学史等领域的理论和方法，运用视觉文化材料来建构叙事，阐述了19 世纪为现代中国自我身份认知所用的医学表述、概念和意象带给后世的影响，并试图挖掘、激活医学绘图在医学史和文学研究中的重要意义。

《土地改革与华北乡村权力变迁：一项政治史的考察/青年社科英才文丛》以河北、山东等省份为中心，以大量未刊土改档案为主体资料，综合运用政治学、历史学的理论和方法，较全面、系统地研究了华北地区的土地改革运动及其政治意涵。《土地改革与华北乡村权力变迁：一项政治史的考察/青年社科英才文丛》一方面从国家与社会关系出发，深入探讨了土地改革对于国家权力扩张和资源汲取的重要意义，另一方面从微观互动论视角出发，细致描述了土改运动在基层乡村社会的实际运作情形，进而对革命战争年代以来中国政治运作中的“运动式”治理模式的特征和得失作了学理分析和初步反思。

本辑收入有关乡村社会、历史、政治、经济等方面的研究论文8篇，从不同角度研究中国乡村的历史与现状。《中国乡村研究(第2辑)》致力于提高中国乡村研究理论和实证的水平，促进中外乡村研究的学术交流，推动中国乡村研究本土化和国际化。
目录
陈春声 乡村的故事与国家的历史——以樟林为例兼论传统乡村社会的研究的方法问题
吴 滔 在城与在乡：清代江南士绅的生活空间及对乡村的影响——以吴江震泽为例
黄宗智 中国革命中的农村阶级斗争——从土改到文革时期的表达性现实与客观性现实
张小军 阳村土改中的阶级划分与象征资本
应 星 身体与乡村日常生活中的权力运作——对中国集体化时期一个村庄若干案例的过程分析
景 军 移民、媒体与一位农村老年妇女的自杀
龚启圣 周飞舟 赵阳 地方经济、财政和干部地为：对农民负担的一个定量分析 罗伯特·布伦纳
艾仁民 英格兰与中国长江三角洲的分岔：财产关系、微观经济学与发展型式 稿约

●本书是技术史研究典范之作，先后获得埃德尔斯坦奖（Edelstein Prize）、计算机历史博物馆奖（Computer History Museum Prize）。作者梅迪纳亦凭借本书获得 IEEE电气史终身会员奖（IEEE Life Member's Prize in Electrical History）。
●打破互联网的“美国叙事”，以丰富的史料文献与人物访谈，描绘阿连德时代智利宏观经济与网络互联的社会主义实践，及其背后科技创新与政治变革的宏大历史。
20世纪70年代的智利，在阿连德政府的社会主义改革时期，曾经有机会发展出人类历史上第一个覆盖全国的实时经济信息网络：Cybersyn。这是一场政治与科技的双重变革。一方面是阿连德领导的社会主义政党对智利社会的和平改造；另一方面则是由技术专家整合有限经济和科技资源，引导的技术革新。然而，这次宏观经济与网络互联的社会主义实践，像很多南美洲故事一样，最后在地缘政治的默剧中悄然收场，不了了之。
本书在详实的历史资料和大量人物访谈的基础上，再现了Cybersyn的曲折进程，让我们看到科学技术并非中立的，认为科技发展本身有其必然路径，可能是一种过于单纯的科技决定论视角。透过Cybersyn这样的异类映照出科技发展的另一种可能性，我们才会留意到政治力量在其中扮演的至关重要的推动角色。

This book presents the first detailed history of the modern passport and why it became so important for controlling movement in the modern world. It explores the history of passport laws, the parliamentary debates about those laws, and the social responses to their implementation. The author argues that modern nation-states and the international state system have 'monopolized the 'legitimate means of movement',' rendering persons dependent on states' authority to move about - especially, though not exclusively, across international boundaries. This new edition reviews other scholarship, much of which was stimulated by the first edition, addressing the place of identification documents in contemporary life. It also updates the story of passport regulations from the publication of the first edition, which appeared just before the terrorist attacks of 9/11, to the present day.

《明朝那些事儿》作者当年明月作序
哈佛大学费正清研究中心主任宋怡明教授全新力作
从明清日常政治入手，深入剖析中国文化肌理，透视“阳奉阴违”“上有政策，下有对策”“制度套利”等深植中国社会的潜规则
◎ 编辑推荐
☆ 荣获美国《选择》杂志2018年度“ 杰出学术著作奖”
☆ 厦门大学教授郑振满、耶鲁大学教授濮德培、《逃避统治的艺术》作者詹姆斯·斯科特盛誉推荐，《明朝那些事儿》作者当年明月、香港中文大学历史系前系主任科大卫倾情作序。
☆ 由小历史见大历史，由百姓小故事讨论时代大问题。从明代军役制度及军户的因应策略入手，再现政策与人性的博弈，反思明朝治国得失，促使我们思考什么是好制度。
☆ 宋怡明教授普通话流利，熟知福建风土人情，有近三十年田野调查经验，收集了大量家谱、地方志等第一手民间资料。他作为以历史人类学研究为标志的“华南学派”第三代学者之翘楚，经常引用他口中的“祖师爷”傅衣凌先生的话：历史研究不可以在图书馆做，要去跑田野。
◎ 内容简介
本书以明代沿海卫所为背景，剖析在明朝世袭军户制度下军户家庭与官府的互动，着重描述和总结了承担兵役义务的军户如何趋利避害，制订出种种策略以优化自身处境。他们既未公然蔑视权威，亦非俯首帖耳，而是在反抗与服从的“中间地带”运作，以期将需要付出的代价降到最低，同时使利益最大化。
本书分三大部分，分别讲述了福建军户在原籍、卫所和军屯的生活。本书的一大特色在于，运用了大量家谱、地方志、口述史等民间资料，讲述了许多发生在军户生活中有趣的故事。真实而鲜活的案例，辅以严谨、细致的考辨，构成了这本讲述百姓自身历史的社会史著作。
◎ 媒体推荐
在中国大一统的王朝体制中，民间社会形成了灵活多样的应对机制。《被统治的艺术》论述明代军户群体的生存策略，对理解中国传统政治文化与社会形态富有启迪意义。
——郑振满，厦门大学历史系教授
这部颇具启发性的著作运用了大量史料，创造性地将过去与现在联系起来，是近年来出版的对明清中国社会关系最复杂、最生动的描写之一。
——濮德培（Peter C. Perdue），耶鲁大学历史系教授
本书睿智而有力地将微观历史与宏观历史融为一炉，在长时段中探索人们如何在表面的顺从下进行抵抗。作者通过历史的放大镜审视明代的征兵制度，意在展示个人与国家之间的操纵策略。
——詹姆斯·C. 斯科特（James C. Scott），耶鲁大学政治系教授
◎ 获奖情况
★ 荣获美国《选择》杂志2018年度“杰出学术著作奖”。

福山以观察入微的笔触，逐一分析了美、法、德、意、日韩以及华人文化传统及其经济活动特色，详尽而细密地考察了社会信任度在各国经济生活上的角色，读者可以从中清楚地了解文化对经济发展的真正重要性。经济行为是社会生活中至关重要的一环，它由各种习俗、规则、道德义务以及其他各种习惯连缀在一起，塑造着社会。本书将会证明，一个国家的繁盛和竞争力是由某一普遍性的文化特征所决定的，即社会本身所固有的信任程度。对于想了解经济而又能体会经济乃是大社会文化之一环的人来说，这本书提供了一个全新的经济学研究方向。

"Economists and Societies" is the first book to systematically compare the profession of economics in the United States, Britain, and France, and to explain why economics, far from being a uniform science, differs in important ways among these three countries. Drawing on in-depth interviews with economists, institutional analysis, and a wealth of scholarly evidence, Marion Fourcade traces the history of economics in each country from the late nineteenth century to the present, demonstrating how each political, cultural, and institutional context gave rise to a distinct professional and disciplinary configuration. She argues that because the substance of political life varied from country to country, people's experience and understanding of the economy, and their political and intellectual battles over it, crystallized in different ways - through scientific and mercantile professionalism in the United States, public-minded elitism in Britain, and statist divisions in France. Fourcade moves past old debates about the relationship between culture and institutions in the production of expert knowledge to show that scientific and practical claims over the economy in these three societies arose from different elites with different intellectual orientations, institutional entanglements, and social purposes. Much more than a history of the economics profession, "Economists and Societies" is a revealing exploration of American, French, and British society and culture as seen through the lens of their respective economic institutions and the distinctive character of their economic experts.

In 1949, at the end of a long period of wars, one of the biggest challenges facing leaders of the new People’s Republic of China was how much they did not know. The government of one of the world’s largest nations was committed to fundamentally reengineering its society and economy via socialist planning while having almost no reliable statistical data about their own country. Making It Count is the history of efforts to resolve this “crisis in counting.” Drawing on a wealth of sources culled from China, India, and the United States, Arunabh Ghosh explores the choices made by political leaders, statisticians, academics, statistical workers, and even literary figures in attempts to know the nation through numbers.
Ghosh shows that early reliance on Soviet-inspired methods of exhaustive enumeration became increasingly untenable in China by the mid-1950s. Unprecedented and unexpected exchanges with Indian statisticians followed, as the Chinese sought to learn about the then-exciting new technology of random sampling. These developments were overtaken by the tumult of the Great Leap Forward (1958–61), when probabilistic and exhaustive methods were rejected and statistics was refashioned into an ethnographic enterprise. By acknowledging Soviet and Indian influences, Ghosh not only revises existing models of Cold War science but also globalizes wider developments in the history of statistics and data.
Anchored in debates about statistics and its relationship to state building, Making It Count offers fresh perspectives on China’s transition to socialism.

The first consumer credit bureaus appeared in the 1870s and quickly amassed huge archives of deeply personal information. Today, the three leading credit bureaus are among the most powerful institutions in modern life—yet we know almost nothing about them. Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion are multi-billion-dollar corporations that track our movements, spending behavior, and financial status. This data is used to predict our riskiness as borrowers and to judge our trustworthiness and value in a broad array of contexts, from insurance and marketing to employment and housing.
In Creditworthy, the first comprehensive history of this crucial American institution, Josh Lauer explores the evolution of credit reporting from its nineteenth-century origins to the rise of the modern consumer data industry. By revealing the sophistication of early credit reporting networks, Creditworthy highlights the leading role that commercial surveillance has played—ahead of state surveillance systems—in monitoring the economic lives of Americans. Lauer charts how credit reporting grew from an industry that relied on personal knowledge of consumers to one that employs sophisticated algorithms to determine a person's trustworthiness. Ultimately, Lauer argues that by converting individual reputations into brief written reports—and, later, credit ratings and credit scores—credit bureaus did something more profound: they invented the modern concept of financial identity. Creditworthy reminds us that creditworthiness is never just about economic "facts." It is fundamentally concerned with—and determines—our social standing as an honest, reliable, profit-generating person.

20世纪思想巨匠卡尔·波兰尼代表作
台湾中研院黄树民教授经典译本修订版
一部“历久弥坚”的著作
在这部公认的伟大著作中，波兰尼的主要关切是：造成19世纪西方文明衰败的起因。波兰尼从社会经济史的角度勾勒了资本主义世界经济的要求与民族国家内部社会福利的追求这两者之间的冲突。换言之，他以自由经济制度与社会制度之间的冲突过程来解释自律性市场社会的建立及其衰败，亦即19世纪西方文明的崩溃。这一主题是波兰尼一生思想的总结。
欧洲文明所经历的转变，今日看来就如同当代世界各地发展中国家所面临的转变一样，以至于波兰尼的这本书几乎就像是在评论当代议题。
——约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨（Joseph E. Stiglitz）
20世纪的经典之作。
——查尔斯·金德尔伯格（Charles P. Kindleberger）

Placing meanings of health and disease at the center of modern Chinese consciousness, Ruth Rogaski reveals how hygiene became a crucial element in the formulation of Chinese modernity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Rogaski focuses on multiple manifestations across time of a single Chinese concept, weisheng—which has been rendered into English as "hygiene," "sanitary," "health," or "public health"—as it emerged in the complex treaty-port environment of Tianjin. Before the late nineteenth century, weisheng was associated with diverse regimens of diet, meditation, and self-medication. Hygienic Modernity reveals how meanings of weisheng, with the arrival of violent imperialism, shifted from Chinese cosmology to encompass such ideas as national sovereignty, laboratory knowledge, the cleanliness of bodies, and the fitness of races: categories in which the Chinese were often deemed lacking by foreign observers and Chinese elites alike.

Americans today "know" that a majority of the population supports the death penalty, that half of all marriages end in divorce, and that four out of five prefer a particular brand of toothpaste. But remarkably, such data - now woven into our social fabric - became common currency only in the last century. Sarah Igo tells the story, for the first time, of how opinion polls, man-in-the-street interviews, sex surveys, community studies, and consumer research transformed the United States public.

Creating the Intellectual redefines how we understand relations between intellectuals and the Chinese socialist revolution of the last century. Under the Chinese Communist Party, “the intellectual” was first and foremost a widening classification of individuals based on Marxist thought. The party turned revolutionaries and otherwise ordinary people into subjects identified as usable but untrustworthy intellectuals, an identification that profoundly affected patterns of domination, interaction, and rupture within the revolutionary enterprise. Drawing on a wide range of data, Eddy U takes the reader on a journey that examines political discourses, revolutionary strategies, rural activities, urban registrations, workplace arrangements, organized protests, and theater productions. He lays out in colorful detail the formation of new identities, forms of organization, and associations in Chinese society. The outcome is a compelling picture of the mutual constitution of the intellectual and the Chinese socialist revolution, the legacy of which still affects ways of seeing, thinking, acting, and feeling in what is now a globalized China.

This investigation of the overwhelming appeal of quantification in the modern world discusses the development of cultural meanings of objectivity over two centuries. How are we to account for the current prestige and power of quantitative methods? The usual answer is that quantification is seen as desirable in social and economic investigation as a result of its successes in the study of nature. Theodore Porter is not content with this. Why should the kind of success achieved in the study of stars, molecules, or cells be an attractive model for research on human societies? he asks. And, indeed, how should we understand the pervasiveness of quantification in the sciences of nature? In his view, we should look in the reverse direction: comprehending the attractions of quantification in business, government, and social research will teach us something new about its role in psychology, physics, and medicine.
Drawing on a wide range of examples from the laboratory and from the worlds of accounting, insurance, cost-benefit analysis, and civil engineering, Porter shows that it is "exactly wrong" to interpret the drive for quantitative rigor as inherent somehow in the activity of science except where political and social pressures force compromise. Instead, quantification grows from attempts to develop a strategy of impersonality in response to pressures from outside. Objectivity derives its impetus from cultural contexts, quantification becoming most important where elites are weak, where private negotiation is suspect, and where trust is in short supply.

In Seizing the Means of Reproduction, Michelle Murphy's initial focus on the alternative health practices developed by radical feminists in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s opens into a sophisticated analysis of the transnational entanglements of American empire, population control, neo-liberalism, and late-twentieth-century feminisms. Murphy concentrates on the techno-scientific means - the technologies, practices, protocols, and processes - developed by feminist health activists. She argues that by politicizing the technical details of reproductive health, alternative feminist practices aimed at empowering women were also integral to late-twentieth-century biopolitics. Murphy traces the transnational circulation of cheap, do-it-yourself health interventions, highlighting the uneasy links between economic logics, new forms of racialized governance, U.S. imperialism, family planning, and the rise of NGOs. In the twenty-first century, feminist health projects have followed complex and discomforting itineraries. The practices and ideologies of alternative health projects have found their way into World Bank guidelines, state policies, and commodified research. While the particular moment of U.S. feminism in the shadow of Cold War and postcolonialism has passed, its dynamics continue to inform the ways that health is governed and politicized today.