The professions are currently the focus of vigorous debate within sociology and social history. This book and its companion volume (The Formation of Professions) bring together researchers from continental Europe and from the English-speaking world to highlight the contrasting perspectives of the two traditions and to emphasize what they can learn from each other. The present volume concentrates on the theory and historical development of professions. The authors identify critical problems of method and theory, such as the reliance on single-profession case studies, the separation of professions from their social and political contexts, the assumption of a uniform professional strategy, the neglect of inter-professional relations and above all the overwhelming Anglo-American bias embedded in the categories and concepts used. They then propose ways in which comparative and historical analysis might be better equipped to study the professions in a wide variety of social and political settings. The discussion encompasses the market and employment context, comparison of professions with other kinds of authority relations and other types of occupation, and exploration of historical discontinuities and variations in strategy.

The discipline of sociology was born-and has been recurrently reconstituted-in response to the fragmentation of ideas about the social world. For two centuries, sociologists have sought refuge in "synthesis:" programs designed to integrate multiple perspectives within a unifying framework. Yet even as this cause has inspired many of the discipline's major thinkers, past and present, its objective has proven elusive, leaving nearly as many syntheses as synthesizers. This volume considers an alternative response that has recently developed within sociology to the crisis of intellectual fragmentation: "the dialogical turn." Rather than decry the multiplicity of social theories, research methods, and results, this response welcomes a plurality of orientations and approaches as the essential basis for establishing and maintaining productive dialogue. Examining this exciting development, The Dialogical Turn builds on the ideas of Donald N. Levine, whose extensive writings on the forms and functions of intellectual dialogue provide the point of departure for twelve original essays. Written by an internationally renowned group of scholars, these innovative chapters explore the dialogical possibilities for sociology both constructively and critically. The contributors assess the role of sociology in the conversation across contemporary academic disciplines, exploring the fundamental structural and conceptual reconstructions now taking place in sociology and neighboring fields.

This classic study of ethics in business presents an eye-opening account of how corporate managers think the world works, and how big organizations shape moral consciousness. Robert Jackall takes the reader inside a topsy-turvy world where hard work does not necessarily lead to success, but sharp talk, self-promotion, powerful patrons, and sheer luck might. What sort of everyday rules-in-use do people play by when there are no fixed standards to explain why some succeed and others fail? In the words of one corporate manager, those rules boil down to this maxim: "What is right in the corporation is what the guy above you wants from you. That's what morality is in the corporation." This brilliant, disturbing, funny look at the ethos of the corporate world presents compelling real life stories of the men and women charged with running the businesses of America. This anniversary edition includes an afterword by the author linking the themes of Moral Mazes to the financial tsunami that engulfed the world economy in 2008.

This much-needed book provides a systematic introduction, both conceptual and applied, to the sociology of the professions. Keith Macdonald guides the reader through the chief sociological approaches to the professions, addressing their strengths and weaknesses. The discussion is richly illustrated by examples from and comparisons between the professions in Britain, the United States and Europe, relating their development to their cultural context. The social exclusivity that professions aim for is discussed in relation to social stratification, patriarchy and knowledge, and is thoroughly illustrated by reference to examples from medicine and other established professions, such as law and architecture. The themes of the book are drawn together in a final chapter by means of a case study of accountancy.

This classic work chronicles how New York, London, and Tokyo became command centers for the global economy and in the process underwent a series of massive and parallel changes. What distinguishes Sassen's theoretical framework is the emphasis on the formation of cross-border dynamics through which these cities and the growing number of other global cities begin to form strategic transnational networks. All the core data in this new edition have been updated, while the preface and epilogue discuss the relevant trends in globalization since the book originally came out in 1991.

This investigation of the overwhelming appeal of quantification in the modern world discusses the development of cultural meanings of objectivity over two centuries. How are we to account for the current prestige and power of quantitative methods? The usual answer is that quantification is seen as desirable in social and economic investigation as a result of its successes in the study of nature. Theodore Porter is not content with this. Why should the kind of success achieved in the study of stars, molecules, or cells be an attractive model for research on human societies? he asks. And, indeed, how should we understand the pervasiveness of quantification in the sciences of nature? In his view, we should look in the reverse direction: comprehending the attractions of quantification in business, government, and social research will teach us something new about its role in psychology, physics, and medicine. Drawing on a wide range of examples from the laboratory and from the worlds of accounting, insurance, cost-benefit analysis, and civil engineering, Porter shows that it is "exactly wrong" to interpret the drive for quantitative rigor as inherent somehow in the activity of science except where political and social pressures force compromise. Instead, quantification grows from attempts to develop a strategy of impersonality in response to pressures from outside. Objectivity derives its impetus from cultural contexts, quantification becoming most important where elites are weak, where private negotiation is suspect, and where trust is in short supply.

How do professional associations build their resources and establish authroity? What are the conditions under which professional expertise can be mobilized for political action? If professional organizations are endowed with a wealth of resources, do they use them responsibly or only for economic monopoly? What is the potential scope of professional action today? In this pathbreaking study of the legal profession, Terence Halliday raises and addresses these questions combining extensive data from the rich archives o the Chicago Bar Association, one of the nation's largest and wealthiest bar organizations, with data from a national survey of bar legislative and judicial action. Beyond Monopoly demonstrates that the primary commitment of lawyers to economic monopoly has long been complemented by "civic professionalism" as the legal profession takes on more responsibility in the American democratic system when state capabilities diminish. Through his examination of three types of state crises in the 1950s and 1960s--the challenges to legitimacy in the legal system, the crisis of individual rights during McCarthyism and the civil rights eras, and the fiscal crises of various state governments--Halliday shows that large bar associations can have extensive influence on any institution that is regulated by law. He argues that lawyers have the capability of turning social and political issues into technical legal matters in what he calls an "idiom of legalism." Under technical guise, lawyers come to exercise moral authority. Halliday maintains that the American legal profession over the past century has gone from a formative stage, when controlling its market in the delivery of legal services was paramount, to an established phase in the past two decades, when it has committed extensive resources to the complex needs of the modern state. A de facto bargain has been struck: if the state leaves the profession's monopoly fairly intact, the profession can use its expert resources to help the state adapt to strain and crisis. It can do so not only in the legal system, where it has been championing "autonomous" law, but in other spheres as well--from the economy to the private sphere of individual rights. Halliday confirms that the legal profession deploys its expertise not merely to attain professional dominance, to control a market, or to purvey an ideology, but to increase the viability of democratic institutions. Beyond Monopoly introduces a pioneering approach to a historical and comparative sociology of the professions that will be of vital interest not only to sociologists, but to political scientists and lawyers as well.

Social theory has undergone dramatic changes over the past fifteen years. The aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive survey of those changes, and an authoritative statement on current trends of development in social thought. The contents of the book range in a systematic way across the major traditions of social theory prominent today. Among the topics covered are the relationships between modern social theory and the classics of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; the connections between social theory and mathematical social science; and, the logical status of generalizations in the social sciences. Traditions of thought discussed include: behaviourism; symbolic interactionism; Parsonian theory; analytical theory; structuralism and post-structuration theory; world systems theory; and, Marxism and critical theory. The highly distinguished group of contributors comprises Jeffrey Alexander, Ira Cohen, Anthony Giddens, John Heritage, George Homans, Axel Honneth, Hans Joas, Ralph Miliband, R. Munch, Jonathan H. Turner, Immanuel Wallerstein and Thomas Wilson.

本書是弗雷勒最為著名的一本書，已被翻譯成好幾十國語言，雖然已出版超過三十年，還一直在世界上被廣泛閱讀，單單在美國已銷售超過７５萬冊。這是他在台灣第一本被翻譯出來的書，同時，本書也是台灣教育社會學會與巨流圖書公司合作出版的「教育社會學叢書」系列的第一本。 在本書中，弗雷勒轉換了教育學的關注焦點，教育的重心從壓迫者轉至受壓迫者身上，而且這種教育學不只是「為了」受壓迫者的教育學，它更是「和」受壓迫者一同進行的教育學。他還比較了囤積式教育與提問式教育之間的不同。在討論提問式教育的同時，他也提到了在這樣的教學中，教師與學生的角色發生了轉變，教師不僅是教師，在教學的過程中，他同時也成了學生；學生不僅是學生，在教學的過程中，他同時也成了老師。 弗雷勒將教育重心的轉移賦予攻治與社會的意涵，這使得他的教育目標也發生了轉變。在弗雷勒的看法中，民眾的識讀能力與批判意識的形成有著密切的關係，教學行動因而是一種政治性的文化行動。弗雷勒在《受壓迫者教育學》中探討的當然遠遠超過前面所提及的，而某些更深入的分析與敘述還有待讀者去發掘。 目錄 第一章　受壓迫者教育學辨正；壓迫者與受壓迫者間的矛盾，以及這種矛盾是如何克服的；壓迫與壓迫者；壓迫與受壓迫者；解放：不是一種恩賜，也不是自我的成就，而是一種共同相互的過程 第二章　作為壓迫工具的教育「囤積」概念──它的預設──一個批判；作為解放工具的教育「提問」概念──它的預設；「囤積」概念與師生矛盾；「提問」概念與師生矛盾的超越；教育：一個相互的過程，是以世界為其媒介；人們即未完成的存在，他們覺察到本身的不完美，而試圖變得更為完整與人性化。 第三章　對話學──教育的本質即自由的實踐；對話學與對話；對話與計畫內容的尋索；人與世界的關係，「衍生課題」，與教育計畫的內容即自由之實踐；「衍生課題」的探索及其方法；藉由「衍生課題」達到批判意識的甦醒；探究的不同階段。 第四章　反對話學與對話學構成了文化行動理論中的對立理論：前者即壓迫的工具，後者即解放的工具；反對話行動理論及其特徵：征服、分而治之、操控與文化侵略；對話行動理論及其特徵：合作、聯合、組織與文化統合

The dream of scientific management was a rationalized machine world where life would approach the perfection of an assembly line. But since its early twentieth-century peak this dream has come to seem a dehumanizing nightmare. Henry Ford's assembly lines turned out a quarter of a million cars in 1914, but all of them were black. Forgotten has been the unparalleled new aesthetic beauty once seen in the ideas of Ford and scientific management pioneer Frederick Winslow Taylor. In The Taylorized Beauty of the Mechanical, Mauro Guill&eacute;n recovers this history and retells the story of the emergence of modernist architecture as a romance with the ideas of scientific management--one that permanently reshaped the profession of architecture.</p> Modernist architecture's pioneers, Guill&eacute;n shows, found in scientific management the promise of a new, functional, machine-like--and beautiful--architecture, and the prospect of a new role for the architect as technical professional and social reformer. Taylor and Ford had a signal influence on Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius and on Le Corbusier and his Towards a New Architecture, the most important manifesto of modernist architecture. Architects were so enamored with the ideas of scientific management that they adopted them even when there was no functional advantage to doing so.</p> Not a traditional architectural history but rather a sociological study of the profession of architecture during its early modernist period, The Taylorized Beauty of the Mechanical provides a new understanding of the degree to which modernist architecture emerged from a tradition of engineering and industrial management.</p>

Every night, somewhere in the world, three or four musicians will climb on stage together. Whether the gig is at a jazz club, a bar, or a bar mitzvah, the performance never begins with a note, but with a question. The trumpet player might turn to the bassist and ask, “Do you know ‘Body and Soul’?”—and from there the subtle craft of playing the jazz repertoire is tested in front of a live audience. These ordinary musicians may never have played together—they may never have met—so how do they smoothly put on a show without getting booed offstage. In “Do You Know . . . ?” Robert R. Faulkner and Howard S. Becker—both jazz musicians with decades of experience performing—present the view from the bandstand, revealing the array of skills necessary for working musicians to do their jobs. While learning songs from sheet music or by ear helps, the jobbing musician’s lexicon is dauntingly massive: hundreds of thousands of tunes from jazz classics and pop standards to more exotic fare. Since it is impossible for anyone to memorize all of these songs, Faulkner and Becker show that musicians collectively negotiate and improvise their way to a successful performance. Players must explore each others’ areas of expertise, develop an ability to fake their way through unfamiliar territory, and respond to the unpredictable demands of their audience—whether an unexpected gang of polka fanatics or a tipsy father of the bride with an obscure favorite song. “Do You Know . . . ?” dishes out entertaining stories and sharp insights drawn from the authors’ own experiences and observations as well as interviews with a range of musicians. Faulkner and Becker’s vivid, detailed portrait of the musician at work holds valuable lessons for anyone who has to think on the spot or under a spotlight.

★ 懂点社会学，走出混沌的日常，理解社会与人生 ★ 76位社会学巨擘×135个社会学核心概念×400幅超可爱漫画 上至学科奠基人奥古斯特·孔德、埃米尔·涂尔干、格奥尔格·齐美尔、马克斯·韦伯，下至当代中流砥柱安东尼·吉登斯、乔治·瑞泽尔、齐格蒙特·鲍曼——重要的社会思想 家超萌登场； 从炫耀性消费到文化资本，从社会失范到风险社会，从公共人的衰落到诸众的崛起——重要的社会学概念轻松get！ 想要洞悉习以为常的社会现象背后，隐藏着怎样的本质与规律？这本书画给你看！ ★ 清华大学副教授严飞、华中师范大学教授李钧鹏力荐！ 很多初次接触社会学的探索者，都很好奇社会学是什么、社会学有用吗、社会学会很难懂吗。其实社会学也可以很可爱。通过本书一幅幅通俗易懂的绘画图解，我们看到社会学从古典到现代的发展脉络，看到各个思想名家的经典社会学概念，以及这些概念的应用场景，让我们在莞尔一笑中，理解我们纷繁复杂的社会。我们只有理解社会，才可以更好地通过反身性的思考理解我们自己。 ——严飞，清华大学社会学系副教授，《穿透：像社会学家一样思考》作者 研读社会学经典，关键在于将高度抽象的理论表述与自己的日常生活体验结合起来。本书通过有趣的漫画将晦涩的理论形象化，大大降低了社会学的入门难度，即使是研习社会学多年的人，也能有所收获。我在拿到书之前并没有太高的期望，但从翻开第一页起就爱不释手，花了两个晚上心情愉悦地读完，一些此前半懂不懂的概念和理论也变得亲切起来。 ——李钧鹏，华中师范大学社会学院教授

★跨越德、美、英、意、法、荷、挪、俄、瑞典等世界各国，考察百余种经典儿童文学与教育手册，展现不同文化背景下对情感的认知与学习的异同。 ★焦虑、信任、虔诚、同情、同理、爱、羞耻、痛苦、恐惧、勇敢、思乡、无聊，十三位情感史研究专家，勾勒十二种情绪的百年发展史。 ★从《绿野仙 踪》到《霍比特人》，从《鲁滨逊漂流记》到《爱丽丝漫游奇境》……我们习以为常的情感并非天生，而是通过阅读形塑，并不断改变。 ★“光启·情感史”系列第一部，美国罗文大学历史系教授、北京大学长江讲座教授王晴佳策划作序，著名历史学者蒋竹山推荐 。填补儿童情绪史研究的空白，为儿童情感研究奠定框架。 本书研究百年来经典儿童文学如何引导孩童与青少年认识感觉、学习情绪，由德国马克斯·普朗克人类发展研究所情感研究中心主任、耶鲁大学德国史教授、柏林自由大学荣誉教授乌特·弗雷弗特主编，集合该中心的数位情感史研究专家共同撰写。 1870-1970年是儿童文学发展的黄金时期，也是对儿童情感的讨论最蓬勃发展的年代，儿童被视为需要教养的独立于成人的个体，无数童书与教育手册协助父母引导儿童学习情感、掌控情绪，并由此发展出“健全”的人格。本书即通过考察这一时期来自世界各国的百余种畅销儿童文学与教养手册，还原其阅读情境与读者反应，探索儿童和青少年如何通过阅读来学习感受、认识情感。在阅读儿童文学的过程中，儿童会与书中主人公一起体验成长，通过模仿与自我调整，学习各种情绪，并且将这些情绪转化成知识。作者们也将这些情感置于历史转折与社会变迁中讨论，勾勒出十二种情绪的百年发展史。 在探讨这些书籍传递出哪些情绪知识以成为儿童的情感养分时，本书分析了许多我们耳熟能详的经典作品，如儿童如何在《蝇王》中学到“羞耻”“痛苦”与“同理心”，通过《阿尔卑斯山的少女》懂得“分离焦虑”；而曾被鄙视的“胆怯”，在《绿野仙踪》里有了新的诠释，从托尔金的《魔戒》《霍比特人》到刘易斯的《纳尼亚传奇》，恐惧的概念又变得更加复杂……这些作品鼓励儿童拥抱恐惧、摆脱羞耻，接受思乡病为一种合情合理的感觉，并赋予儿童掌握自我情绪的权利，儿童有了不同的选择与空间，同时也开始需要为自己的情绪负责。

Now in trade paperback, the ground-breaking and carefully documented book that shows how couples come apart.

Summary How the blockchain—a system built on foundations of mutual mistrust—can become trustworthy. The blockchain entered the world on January 3, 2009, introducing an innovative new trust architecture: an environment in which users trust a system—for example, a shared ledger of information—without necessarily trusting any of its components. The cryptocurrency Bitcoin is the most famous implementation of the blockchain, but hundreds of other companies have been founded and billions of dollars invested in similar applications since Bitcoin's launch. Some see the blockchain as offering more opportunities for criminal behavior than benefits to society. In this book, Kevin Werbach shows how a technology resting on foundations of mutual mistrust can become trustworthy. The blockchain, built on open software and decentralized foundations that allow anyone to participate, seems like a threat to any form of regulation. In fact, Werbach argues, law and the blockchain need each other. Blockchain systems that ignore law and governance are likely to fail, or to become outlaw technologies irrelevant to the mainstream economy. That, Werbach cautions, would be a tragic waste of potential. If, however, we recognize the blockchain as a kind of legal technology that shapes behavior in new ways, it can be harnessed to create tremendous business and social value.